Polyphenolic compounds play an essential role in plant growth, reproduction, and defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stresses. Extracting these compounds is the initial step in assessing phytochemical changes, where the choice of extraction method significantly influences the extracted analytes. However, due to environmental factors, analyzing numerous samples is necessary for statistically significant results, often leading to the use of harmful organic solvents for extraction. Therefore, in this study, a novel DES-based shaking-assisted extraction procedure for the separation of polyphenolic compounds from plant samples followed by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis was developed. The DES was prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and fructose (Fru) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at various molar ratios with the addition of 30% water to reduce viscosity. Several experimental variables affecting extraction efficiency were studied and optimized using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) and confirmed by response surface design (RS). Nearly the same experimental conditions were obtained using both optimization methods and were set as follows: 30 mg of sample, 300 mg of ChCl:Fru 1:2 DES containing 30% w/w of water, 500 rpm shaking speed, 30 min extraction time, 10°C extraction temperature. The results were compared with those obtained using conventional solvents, such as ethanol, methanol and water, whereby the DES-based shaking-assisted extraction method showed a higher efficiency than the classical procedures. The greenness of the developed method was compared with the greenness of existing procedures for the extraction of polyphenolic substances from solid plant samples using the complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) approach, while the results for the developed method were better or comparable to the existing ones. In addition, the practicability of the developed procedure was evaluated by application of the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) metric. The developed procedure was applied to the determination of spruce root samples with satisfactory results and has the potential for use in the analysis of similar plant samples.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Element content and expression of genes of interest on single cell types, such as stomata, provide valuable insights into their specific physiology, improving our understanding of leaf gas exchange regulation. We investigated how far differences in stomatal conductance (gs ) can be ascribed to changes in guard cells functioning in amphistomateous leaves. gs was measured during the day on both leaf sides, on well-watered and drought-stressed trees (two Populus euramericana Moench and two Populus nigra L. genotypes). In parallel, guard cells were dissected for element content and gene expressions analyses. Both were strongly arranged according to genotype, and drought had the lowest impact overall. Normalizing the data by genotype highlighted a structure on the basis of leaf sides and time of day both for element content and gene expression. Guard cells magnesium, phosphorus, and chlorine were the most abundant on the abaxial side in the morning, where gs was at the highest. In contrast, genes encoding H+ -ATPase and aquaporins were usually more abundant in the afternoon, whereas genes encoding Ca2+ -vacuolar antiporters, K+ channels, and ABA-related genes were in general more abundant on the adaxial side. Our work highlights the unique physiology of each leaf side and their analogous rhythmicity through the day.
- MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- komplementární DNA genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mikroanalýza elektronovou sondou MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- Populus klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protonové ATPasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- průduchy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- RNA rostlin genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stromy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transpirace rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- voda fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Xylem vulnerability to embolism represents an essential trait for the evaluation of the impact of hydraulics in plant function and ecology. The standard centrifuge technique is widely used for the construction of vulnerability curves, although its accuracy when applied to species with long vessels remains under debate. We developed a simple diagnostic test to determine whether the open-vessel artefact influences centrifuge estimates of embolism resistance. Xylem samples from three species with differing vessel lengths were exposed to less negative xylem pressures via centrifugation than the minimum pressure the sample had previously experienced. Additional calibration was obtained from non-invasive measurement of embolism on intact olive plants by X-ray microtomography. Results showed artefactual decreases in hydraulic conductance (k) for samples with open vessels when exposed to a less negative xylem pressure than the minimum pressure they had previously experienced. X-Ray microtomography indicated that most of the embolism formation in olive occurs at xylem pressures below -4.0 MPa, reaching 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity at -5.3 MPa. The artefactual reductions in k induced by centrifugation underestimate embolism resistance data of species with long vessels. A simple test is suggested to avoid this open vessel artefact and to ensure the reliability of this technique in future studies.
- MeSH
- nemoci rostlin * MeSH
- Olea fyziologie MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- xylém metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Current knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying the inheritance of photosynthetic activity in forest trees is generally limited, yet it is essential both for various practical forestry purposes and for better understanding of broader evolutionary mechanisms. In this study, we investigated genetic variation underlying selected chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters in structured populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown on two sites under non-stress conditions. These parameters were derived from the OJIP part of the ChlF kinetics curve and characterize individual parts of primary photosynthetic processes associated, for example, with the exciton trapping by light-harvesting antennae, energy utilization in photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (RCs) and its transfer further down the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. An additive relationship matrix was estimated based on pedigree reconstruction, utilizing a set of highly polymorphic single sequence repeat markers. Variance decomposition was conducted using the animal genetic evaluation mixed-linear model. The majority of ChlF parameters in the analyzed pine populations showed significant additive genetic variation. Statistically significant heritability estimates were obtained for most ChlF indices, with the exception of DI0/RC, φD0 and φP0 (Fv/Fm) parameters. Estimated heritabilities varied around the value of 0.15 with the maximal value of 0.23 in the ET0/RC parameter, which indicates electron-transport flux from QA to QB per PSII RC. No significant correlation was found between these indices and selected growth traits. Moreover, no genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was detected, i.e., no differences in genotypes' performance between sites. The absence of significant G × E in our study is interesting, given the relatively low heritability found for the majority of parameters analyzed. Therefore, we infer that polygenic variability of these indices is selectively neutral.
- MeSH
- borovice lesní genetika fyziologie MeSH
- chlorofyl fyziologie MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fotosyntetická reakční centra (proteinové komplexy) fyziologie MeSH
- fotosyntéza genetika MeSH
- fotosystém II (proteinový komplex) fyziologie MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- kvantitativní znak dědičný * MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- stromy genetika fyziologie MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- transport elektronů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), rhabdomyolysis and renal failure appear to be a unique problem in ultra-endurance racers. METHODS: We investigated the combined occurrence of EAH and rhabdomyolysis in seven different ultra-endurance races and disciplines (i.e. multi-stage mountain biking, 24-h mountain biking, 24-h ultra-running and 100-km ultra-running). RESULTS: Two (15.4%) ultra-runners (man and woman) from hyponatremic ultra-athletes (n = 13) and four (4%) ultra-runners (four men) from the normonatremic group (n = 100) showed rhabdomyolysis following elevated blood creatine kinase (CK) levels > 10,000 U/L without the development of renal failure and the necessity of a medical treatment. Post-race creatine kinase, plasma and urine creatinine significantly increased, while plasma [Na(+)] and creatine clearance decreased in hyponatremic and normonatremic athletes, respectively. The percentage increase of CK was higher in the hyponatremic compared to the normonatremic group (P < 0.05). Post-race CK levels were higher in ultra-runners compared to mountain bikers (P < 0.01), in faster normonatremic (P < 0.05) and older and more experienced hyponatremic ultra-athletes (P < 0.05). In all finishers, pre-race plasma [K(+)] was related to post-race CK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremic ultra-athletes tended to develop exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis more frequently than normonatremic ultra-athletes. Ultra-runners tended to develop rhabdomyolysis more frequently than mountain bikers. We found no association between post-race plasma [Na(+)] and CK concentration in both hypo- and normonatremic ultra-athletes.
- MeSH
- běh * MeSH
- cvičení * MeSH
- cyklistika * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- draslík krev MeSH
- hyponatremie krev moč MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- kreatinin moč MeSH
- kreatinkinasa krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rhabdomyolýza krev moč MeSH
- sodík krev MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- ultra - vytrvalostní cyklisté a běžci,
- MeSH
- alanintransaminasa izolace a purifikace MeSH
- běh MeSH
- cyklistika MeSH
- experimenty na lidech MeSH
- hematologické testy * metody využití MeSH
- imunoglobulin A izolace a purifikace MeSH
- imunoglobulin M izolace a purifikace MeSH
- imunologické testy * metody využití MeSH
- L-laktátdehydrogenasa izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lehká atletika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počet leukocytů metody využití MeSH
- pohybová aktivita MeSH
- sportovní výkon MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- tělesná námaha MeSH
- tělovýchovné lékařství metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
We investigated seventy-four ultra-mountain bikers (MTBers) competing in the solo category in the first descriptive field study to detail nutrition habits and the most common food before during and after the 24 hour race using questionnaires. During the race, bananas (86.5%), energy bars (50.0%), apples (43.2%) and cheese (43.2%) were the most commonly consumed food, followed by bread (44.6%), rice (33.8%) and bananas (33.8%) after the race. Average fluid intake was 0.5 ± 0.2 l/h. The main beverage was isotonic sports drink (82.4%) during and pure water (66.2%) after the race. The most preferred four supplements in the four weeks before, the day before, during and after the race were vitamin C (35.1%), magnesium (44.6%), magnesium (43.2%) and branched-chain amino acids (24.3%), respectively. Total frequency of food intake (30.6 ± 10.5 times/24 hrs) was associated with fluid intake (r = 0.43, P = 0.04) and both were highest at the beginning of the race and lower during the night hours and the last race segment in a subgroup of twenty-three ultra-MTBers. Supplement intake frequency (6.8 ± 8.4 times/24 hrs) was highest during the night hours and lower at the beginning and end of the race. Elevated food and fluid intake among participants tracked across all race segments (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the nutrition strategy employed by ultra-MTBers was similar to those demonstrated in previous studies of ultra-cyclists with some exceptions among selected individuals.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Předložená studie popisuje dílčí výsledky výzkumu, který probíhá v rámci projektu „Změnyfyziologických, hematologických, biochemických, imunologických a některých dalších vybraných parametrů u sportovců pod vlivem zátěžových sportovních akcí vytrvalostního charakteru“. Cílem je zjistit vliv vybraných parametrů u ultravytrvalostních sportovců (vybrané skupiny: cyklisti na horských kolech a běžci) účastnících se extrémních vytrvalostních akcí ve vztahu k trénovanostijedince a nabídnout amatérským sportovcům zpětnou vazbu k jejich výkonu. Konkrétními závody ve studii byly 24hodinový závod na horských kolech a 7denní etapový závod v ultramaratonech. Použitými metodami byly dotazníky a fyziologická měření. Významné rozdíly (∆) byly prokázány mezi před a pozávodní hodnotou tělesné hmotnosti (od 76,5±13,1 kg do 72,0±12,0 kg) a ve snížené hodnotě hematokritu (6,1±3,5 %) ve skupině běžců. Významný rozdíl (∆) mezi před a pozávodní hodnotou leukokritu stanovením počtu bílých krvinek byl definován ve skupině cyklistů (p < 0,01). Významné rozdíly (∆) mezi před a pozávodní hodnotou v procentuálním zastoupení leukocytů stanovenýmkrevním diferenciálem byly nalezeny ve skupině běžců: polymorfonukleární neutrofily (zvýšení) p < 0,03; nezralé formy neutrofilů (zvýšení) p < 0,01; lymfocyty (snížení) p < 0,01; monocyty (snížení) p < 0,05 a u cyklistů: lymfocyty (snížení) p < 0,01.
The present study describes the partial results of a research carried out within the project "Changes in haematological, biochemical, immunological and other parameters in athletes under the influence of stressful sports endurance events". The aim is to asses effects of selected parameters in amateur ultra-endurance athletes (chosen groups: mountain bikers and runners), participants in extreme endurance races, on their performance in relation to training and offer them feedback. In thisstudy we point out results related to performance’s influence on athletes’ health and on immunity. Used methods were questionnaires and physiological measurements. The pre-race minus post-racedifferences (∆) in weight (from 76.5 ± 13.1 kg to 72.0 ± 12.0 kg) and (∆) in value of hematocrit (6.1 ± 3.5 %) were significant only in runners group. The pre-race minus post-race differences (∆) in leukokrit were significant in cyclists group (p < 0.01). The pre-race minus post-race differences (∆) in a percentage of leukocytes by a blood leukocyte differential were significant in a runners group: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (increase) p < 0.03; immature band neutrophils (increase) p < 0.01; lymphocytes (reduction) p < 0.01; monocytes (reduction) p < 0.05 and in a cyclists group: lymphocytes (reduction) p < 0.03.
- MeSH
- běh fyziologie MeSH
- cyklistika fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hematokrit statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- hematologické testy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- leukocyty fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počet leukocytů MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sportovní výkon * fyziologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sporty * fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná námaha fyziologie MeSH
- tělesné váhy a míry MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- zdravotní stav MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
