Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor therapy induces peripheral blood lymphocytosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which lasts for several months. It remains unclear whether nongenetic adaptation mechanisms exist, allowing CLL cells' survival during BTK inhibitor-induced lymphocytosis and/or playing a role in therapy resistance. We show that in approximately 70% of CLL cases, ibrutinib treatment in vivo increases Akt activity above pretherapy levels within several weeks, leading to compensatory CLL cell survival and a more prominent lymphocytosis on therapy. Ibrutinib-induced Akt phosphorylation (pAktS473) is caused by the upregulation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor, which induces expression of Rictor, an assembly protein for the mTORC2 protein complex that directly phosphorylates Akt at serine 473 (S473). Knockout or inhibition of FoxO1 or Rictor led to a dramatic decrease in Akt phosphorylation and growth disadvantage for malignant B cells in the presence of ibrutinib (or PI3K inhibitor idelalisib) in vitro and in vivo. The FoxO1/Rictor/pAktS473 axis represents an early nongenetic adaptation to B cell receptor (BCR) inhibitor therapy not requiring PI3Kδ or BTK kinase activity. We further demonstrate that FoxO1 can be targeted therapeutically and its inhibition induces CLL cells' apoptosis alone or in combination with BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, pirtobrutinib) and blocks their proliferation triggered by T cell factors (CD40L, IL-4, and IL-21).

• MeSH
• adenin * analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• forkhead box protein O1 * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové proteiny metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• piperidiny * farmakologie   MeSH
• protein RICTOR * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteinkinasa BTK metabolismus   genetika   antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• pyrazoly * farmakologie   MeSH
• pyrimidiny * farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dostupnost cílených molekul, jako jsou inhibitory anti-apoptotického bcl-2 proteinu (BCL2i) nebo Brutonovy tyrozinkinázy (BTKi), způsobila revoluci v léčbě chronické lymfocytární leukemie (CLL). Klinické studie prokázaly účinnost a bezpečnost těchto molekul při léčbě jak nově diagnostikovaného, tak relabujícího/refrakterního onemocnění. K dispozici je řada léčebných režimů, které jsou založeny buď na kontinuální dlouhodobé monoterapii BTKi, anebo se jedná o časově omezenou léčbu kombinací venetoclaxu s dalším lékem. Časově omezená terapie nabízí některé výhody, které jsou diskutovány v kontextu rozhodování o vhodné terapii u konkrétního nemocného.

The availability of targeted molecules such as anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein (BCL2i) or Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTKi) inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of these molecules in the treatment of both newly diagnosed and relapsing/refractory disease. A number of treatment regimens are available that are based on either continuous long-term BTKi monotherapy or fixed duration treatment combining venetoclax with another drug. Some of the advantages offered by the fixed duration therapy are discussed in the context of deciding on the appropriate therapy for a specific patient.

• Klíčová slova
• venetoklax,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD20 terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie   genetika   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie metody   MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• proteinkinasa BTK antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• protinádorové látky škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• reziduální nádor MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Inhibitory Brutonovy kinázy (BTKi) jsou první skupinou cílených léčiv, která výrazně zlepšila prognózu i kvalitu života nemocných s chronickou lymfocytární leukemií (CLL). Specifické nežádoucí účinky BTKi, zejména kardiovaskulární (KV) a krvácivé, však mohou limitovat jejich dlouhodobé užívání. Ibrutinib, BTKi první generace, byl pro nežádoucí účinky přerušen až u 26 % pacientů léčených v rámci klinických studií. I z těchto důvodů pokračují snahy o vývoj dalších generací BTKi, které by měly bezpečnější profil při zachovaném protinádorovém účinku. Patří mezi ně kovalentně se vázající BTKi akalabrutinib a zanubrutinib a reverzibilní, nekovalentní BTK inhibitory pirtobrutinib a nemtabrutinib. V České republice je v současnosti z veřejného zdravotního pojištění hrazen akalabrutinib. V rámci prevence KV komplikací je zásadní stanovení KV rizika u konkrétního pacienta; pro tyto potřeby lze využít jednoduché skórovací systémy typu Framinghamského skóre nebo tabulky SCORE. U nemocných s vysokým KV rizikem je doporučována léčba BTKi 2. generace nebo léky ze skupiny bcl-2 inhibitorů, případně inhibitorů fosfatidylinositol-3-kinázy. Pokud dojde k rozvoji fibrilace síní nebo srdečního selhání, je nezbytná spolupráce s kardiologem. Riziko závažného krvácení je, na rozdíl od KV komplikací, podobné u obou dostupných preparátů (2–9 % u ibrutinibu vs. 2–5 % u akalabrutinibu). V prevenci klinicky manifestního krvácení je zásadní přerušení léčby BTKi s dostatečným předstihem před každým invazivním výkonem a znovuzahájení terapie až ve chvíli, kdy je riziko krvácení již minimální. Důležitým faktorem pro snížení rizika rozvoje jakékoli komplikace je znalost stávající medikace pacienta a potenciálních lékových interakcí s BTKi. Tato práce shrnuje mechanizmus vniku kardiovaskulárních a krvácivých komplikací, jejich incidenci ve vybraných klinických studiích a doporučení pro prevenci a léčbu těchto nežádoucích účinků v běžné klinické praxi.

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have altered the treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). These highly eff ective drugs improve not only the prognosis but also the quality of life of CLL patients. Long-term BTK inhibitor treatment can be limited by specifi c adverse events (AEs) such as cardiovascular (CV) complications or bleeding. Ibrutinib, the fi rst-in-class BTK inhibitor, was discontinued in up to 26% of patients in clinical trials due to AEs. Therefore, there are continuing eff orts to develop BTK inhibitors with the same eff ectivity but better safety profi le, such as covalent BTKi acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib and non-covalent BTKi pirtobrutinib and nemtabrutinib. The pre-treatment workup for all patients should include CV risk level assessment using scoring systems, e. g., Framingham risk score or SCORE. In patients with high CV risk levels, next-generation BTK inhibitors or other targeted drugs (venetoclax or idelalisib) are generally preferred over ibrutinib. Patients who experience CV toxicity, particularly atrial fi brillation or heart failure, should be consulted with a cardiologist to defi ne the best treatment algorithm. In contrast to CV toxicity, the risk of major bleeding events is equal for both ibrutinib and acalabrutinib (2–9% vs. 2–5%) based on data from clinical trials. Regarding prevention of bleeding events, BTK inhibitor treatment should be appropriately held prior to any invasive procedure and cannot be restarted until the risk of bleeding is minimal. Good knowledge of the patient’s current medication and potential interactions is crucial in the prevention of any adverse event. This review describes the mechanisms of pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications and bleeding in BTK inhibitor-treated patients. It summarises their incidence in selected clinical trials and provides recommendations for managing these AEs in clinical practice.

• MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie   komplikace   MeSH
• fibrilace síní chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hypertenze chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• krvácení * chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
• proteinkinasa BTK antagonisté a inhibitory   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• srdeční selhání chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Idelalisib (idela), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, and ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, were the first oral targeted agents approved for relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). However, no randomised trials of idelalisib plus rituximab (R-idela) versus ibrutinib have been conducted. Therefore, we performed a real-world retrospective analysis of patients with R/R CLL treated with R-idela (n = 171) or ibrutinib (n = 244). The median age was 70 versus 69 years, with a median of two previous lines. There was a trend towards higher tumour protein p53 (TP53) aberrations and complex karyotype in the R-idela group (53% vs. 44%, p = 0.093; 57% vs. 46%, p = 0.083). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer with ibrutinib (40.5 vs. 22.0 months; p < 0.001); similarly to overall survival (OS; median 54.4 vs. 37.7 months, p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, only PFS but not OS remained significantly different between the two agents. The most common reasons for treatment discontinuation included toxicity (R-idela, 39.8%; ibrutinib, 22.5%) and CLL progression (27.5% vs. 11.1%). In conclusion, our data show significantly better efficacy and tolerability of ibrutinib over R-idela in patients with R/R CLL treated in routine practice. The R-idela regimen may still be considered a reasonable option in highly selected patients without a suitable treatment alternative.

• MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rituximab MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

While type I interferon (IFN) is best known for its key role against viral infection, accumulating preclinical and clinical data indicate that robust type I IFN production in the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer immunosurveillance and contributes to the efficacy of various antineoplastic agents, notably immunogenic cell death inducers. Here, we report that malignant blasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) release type I IFN via a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dependent mechanism that is not driven by treatment. While in these patients the ability of type I IFN to stimulate anticancer immune responses was abolished by immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by malignant blasts, type I IFN turned out to exert direct cytostatic, cytotoxic and chemosensitizing activity in primary AML blasts, leukemic stem cells from AML patients and AML xenograft models. Finally, a genetic signature of type I IFN signaling was found to have independent prognostic value on relapse-free survival and overall survival in a cohort of 132 AML patients. These findings delineate a clinically relevant, therapeutically actionable and prognostically informative mechanism through which type I IFN mediates beneficial effects in patients with AML.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie * patologie   MeSH
• interferon typ I * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
• protinádorové látky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a high risk of poor outcomes related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This multicenter cohort study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 infection on the population of CLL patients in the Czech Republic. Between March 2020 and May 2021, 341 patients (237 males) with CLL and COVID-19 disease were identified. The median age was 69 years (range 38-91). Out of the 214 (63%) patients with the history of therapy for CLL, 97 (45%) were receiving CLL-directed treatment at diagnosis of COVID-19: 29% Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), 16% chemoimmunotherapy (CIT), 11% Bcl-2 inhibitor, and 4% phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. Regarding the severity of COVID-19, 60% pts required admission to the hospital, 21% pts were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 12% received invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall case fatality rate was 28%. Major comorbidities, age over 72, male gender, CLL treatment in history, CLL-directed treatment at COVID-19 diagnosis were associated with increased risk of death. Of note, concurrent therapy with BTKi compared to CIT was not associated with better outcome of COVID-19.

• MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * komplikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testování na COVID-19 MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Older patients with AML/MDS have a poor prognosis with alloHCT as the only curative option. However alloHCT is challenging given its high TRM. Recently, a composite endpoint of GRFS was proposed to define transplant success. A single centre retrospective analysis was performed to determine the main variables influencing GRFS. PATIENTS AND METHODSMETHODS: 91 consecutive patients≥ 60 years (median 64 years, range 60-74) with AML/MDS who received reduced-intensity alloHCT during 2001-2017 analysed. Disease risk index (DRI) at HCT was low/intermediate in 47pts (52%) and high in 44 pts (48%). RESULTS: After median follow-up for survivors of 56 months (range 7-144), 37 (40.6%) patients were alive. The OS, LFS and GRFS were 61.4%, 58.1%, 49.1% at 1 year and 35.5%, 32.3% and 23.1% at 5 years, respectively. The 1-year and 5-year incidences of NRM and relapse were 26.9%, 21.3% and 47.9% and 35.4%, respectively. In univariate analysis, high DRI was the strongest factor for worse OS (HR 2.121; p = 0.049), LFS (HR 1.924; p = 0.0123) and GRFS (HR 2.319; p = 0.0005). The donor age ≥ 62 years had a negative impact on OS (HR 2.110; p = 0.0345) and GRFS (HR 2.014; p = 0.0341). High DRI (HR 2.652; p = 0.0003) and donor age (HR 2.304; p = 0.0257) retained its significance in multivariate analysis for GRFS. CONCLUSION: A significant portion of older patients with myeloid malignancies survive alloHCT without experiencing GRFS event with DRI as the main determinant of outcome. Negative impact of donor age≥ 62 years suggests preference of a young donor, regardless of being related or unrelated.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie * MeSH
• homologní transplantace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
• myeloproliferativní poruchy * komplikace   MeSH
• nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli * etiologie   MeSH
• příprava pacienta k transplantaci MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The standard of care in multiple myeloma (MM) consists of induction chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (autoSCT), but this setting doesn't present curative potential. Despite advances in new, efficient, and targeted drugs, allogeneic transplant (aloSCT) remains the modality with curative potential in MM. With the knowledge of high mortality and morbidity related to the treatment in comparison to treatment with novel drugs, there is no consensus in the indication of aloSCT in MM, also the choice of ideal patients profiting from this method is difficult. Therefore, we performed a retrospective unicentric study of 36 unselected consecutive patients transplanted for MM in the University Hospital in Pilsen between the years 2000-2020 in order to define possible variables influencing survival. The median age of the patients was 52 years (38-63) and the distribution of MM subtypes was standard. The majority of the patients were transplanted in the relapse setting, 3 (8.3%) patients in the 1st line setting, and in 7 (19%) patients elective auto-alo tandem transplant was performed. 18 patients (60% of patients with available cytogenetics (CG) had high-risk disease. 12 (33.3%) patients were transplanted with chemoresistant disease (at least PR not reached). With a median follow-up of 85 months, we observed median overall survival (OS) of 30 months (range 10-60) and median progression-free survival (PFS) of 15 months (11-175). 1- and 5-year Kaplan Meier survival probabilities for OS were 55% and 30.5% respectively. During the follow-up, 27 (75%) patients died, 11 (35%) due to treatment-related mortality (TRM), and 16 patients (44%) due to a relapse. 9 (25%) patients were still alive, 3 (8.3%) of them with complete remission (CR), and 6 (16.7%) patients with relapse/progression. Altogether 21 (58%) of the patients relapsed/progressed with a median of 11 months (3-175). Incidence of clinically significant acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD gr. >II) was low (8.3%) and extensive chronic GvHD (cGvHD) developed in 4 patients (11.1%). Univariant analysis proved marginal statistical significance in disease status before aloSCT (chemosensitive × chemoresistant) for OS, favoring patients with the chemosensitive disease (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.18-1.01, p=0.05), there was no significant impact of high-risk cytogenetics (CG) on survival. No other analyzed parameter was found to be significant. Our findings support the conclusion that aloSCT is able to overcome high-risk CG and that aloSCT still remains a valid treatment choice with acceptable toxicity in well-selected high-risk patients with curative potential, even though often with active disease, but not derogating the quality of life significantly.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom * terapie   MeSH
• nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli * MeSH
• přežití bez známek nemoci MeSH
• příprava pacienta k transplantaci škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• transplantace kmenových buněk škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important factor in the pathogenesis of kidney allograft rejection, previous studies have not determined the optimal CMV prevention strategy to avoid indirect effects of the virus. In this randomized trial involving 140 kidney transplant recipients, incidence of acute rejection at 12 months was not lower with valganciclovir prophylaxis (for at least 3 months) compared with preemptive therapy initiated after detection of CMV DNA in whole blood. However, prophylaxis was associated with a lower risk of subclinical rejection at 3 months. Although both regimens were effective in preventing CMV disease, the incidence of CMV DNAemia (including episodes with higher viral loads) was significantly higher with preemptive therapy. Further research with long-term follow-up is warranted to better compare the two approaches. BACKGROUND: The optimal regimen for preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant recipients, primarily in reducing indirect CMV effects, has not been defined. METHODS: This open-label, single-center, randomized clinical trial of valganciclovir prophylaxis versus preemptive therapy included kidney transplant recipients recruited between June 2013 and May 2018. After excluding CMV-seronegative recipients with transplants from seronegative donors, we randomized 140 participants 1:1 to receive valganciclovir prophylaxis (900 mg, daily for 3 or 6 months for CMV-seronegative recipients who received a kidney from a CMV-seropositive donor) or preemptive therapy (valganciclovir, 900 mg, twice daily) that was initiated after detection of CMV DNA in whole blood (≥1000 IU/ml) and stopped after two consecutive negative tests (preemptive therapy patients received weekly CMV PCR tests for 4 months). The primary outcome was the incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection at 12 months. Key secondary outcomes included subclinical rejection, CMV disease and DNAemia, and neutropenia. RESULTS: The incidence of acute rejection was lower with valganciclovir prophylaxis than with preemptive therapy (13%, 9/70 versus 23%, 16/70), but the difference was not statistically significant. Subclinical rejection at 3 months was lower in the prophylaxis group (13% versus 29%, P = 0.027). Both regimens prevented CMV disease (in 4% of patients in both groups). Compared with prophylaxis, preemptive therapy resulted in significantly higher rates of CMV DNAemia (44% versus 75%, P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of patients experiencing episodes with higher viral load (≥2000 IU/ml), but significantly lower valganciclovir exposure and neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Among kidney transplant recipients, the use of valganciclovir prophylaxis did not result in a significantly lower incidence of acute rejection compared with the use of preemptive therapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: Optimizing Valganciclovir Efficacy in Renal Transplantation (OVERT Study), ACTRN12613000554763 .

• MeSH
• antivirové látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• cytomegalovirové infekce * epidemiologie   MeSH
• Cytomegalovirus genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutropenie * chemicky indukované   komplikace   MeSH
• příjemce transplantátu MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• valganciklovir škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH