Recently, more and more efforts are directed towards developing new imaging and drug-delivery options based on various nanoparticles, exploiting their unique properties. Here, ultra-small gold nanoparticles functionalized with widely used polyethylene glycol and its amine-terminated form were tested in respect of their potential interactions with human immune cells (cell line and primary cells). The results showed that differently terminated ultrasmall gold nanoparticles represent an interesting theranostic platform as they are harmless to immune cells (not inducing cytotoxicity and severe immune response) and on the other hand, they can serve as imaging and/or drug delivery agents using e.g. monocytes/ macrophages as "Trojan horses" to deliver these nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and diagnose or treat pathologies of the central nervous system.

• MeSH
• aminy MeSH
• kovové nanočástice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• zlato * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminy MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• zlato * MeSH

Among malignant diseases, chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is one of the best suited candidates for immunotherapy. For this purpose it is necessary to broaden the present knowledge on the immunology of this disease. As a part of such a project, the levels of kynurenine (KYN) and neopterin (NPT) were studied in 28 CML patients and in the same number of healthy subjects. At diagnosis, both KYN and NPT levels were found to be elevated in a significant portion of the patients and dependent on their leukocyte count. As in the case of KYN, increased NPT levels dropped after achieving remission. When correlating KYN and NPT levels with a selection of other markers tested, significant association was revealed only in the case of CRP and IL-6. However, there were several patients with increased KYN levels in whom NPT was not detected, and vice versa. The relapse of the disease observed in two patients was accompanied by an increased level of NPT in both cases, but by an increased level of KYN in only one of them. No significant correlation was found between KYN and NPT levels in sera taken at diagnosis. However, when the whole set of sera was taken into consideration, the association became statistically significant. Although the data obtained revealed a number of similarities between KYN and NPT production in CML patients, it also suggested a difference in the kinetics of these two biomarkers' production.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein metabolismus   MeSH
• chronická myeloidní leukemie krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interleukin-6 krev   MeSH
• kynurenin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neopterin krev   MeSH
• počet leukocytů MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• tryptofan krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• kynurenin MeSH
• neopterin MeSH
• tryptofan MeSH

In view of the increasing interest in the immunotherapy of CML it seems highly desirable to broaden the present knowledge on the immune reactivity of CML patients. A group of 24 patients and 24 healthy controls were studied for the total of 15 immunological parameters, including the prevalence of antibodies against human herpesviruses and papillomaviruses. To clearly discriminate between changes associated with the disease and those induced by the therapy, all patients were enrolled prior to the start of any anti-leukaemic therapy. Statistically significant differences between patients and controls were found in the levels of IgA, C4 component of complement, CRP and IL-6, the production of Th1 cytokines in stimulated CD3 cells and the E. coli stimulatory index. The analysis of the interrelationship between the results obtained in the individual patients presented some unexpected findings, such as the lack of correlation between the CRP and IL-6 levels. It will be the purpose of a follow-up to determine whether and how the immune status of the patients prior to the treatment correlates with their response to therapy and how the individual immunological profiles change in the course of the disease. These observations will be utilized in the future immunotherapeutic studies to constitute the vaccine- and placebo-treated groups.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky krev   MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein imunologie   MeSH
• chronická myeloidní leukemie farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fagocytóza imunologie   MeSH
• interleukin-6 biosyntéza   MeSH
• komplement 4 imunologie   MeSH
• komplement C3 imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský herpesvirus 1 imunologie   MeSH
• lidský herpesvirus 2 imunologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• Papillomaviridae imunologie   MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů imunologie   MeSH
• protilátky virové imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• komplement 4 MeSH
• komplement C3 MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

From the beginning of life, human immune system is affected by interactions with different microorganisms. Immediately after the birth bacteria colonize mucous tissues and namely the gastrointestinal tract, which was antenatally sterile. Bacteria are involved in allergic inflammation by two different ways. They can either initiate the allergic response or they can diminish it. To the negative factors, which can trigger the allergic response belong superantigens, namely the bacterial enterotoxins. Positive factors include mycobacterial antigens, intestinal microflora, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and CpG motives that belong to components of the bacterial genome DNA. The effect of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria on the development of allergic inflammation is two faced. Lipopolysaccharide has a protective role when the infection precedes the contact with allergen for a long time. Short period between the infection and allergen exposition leads in a sensitized person to the provocation of allergic disease. These and other factors are important in relation to the so-called hygiene hypothesis where the T regulatory lymphocytes seem to play the key role in the balance between Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes.

• MeSH
• alergie imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Bacteria imunologie   MeSH
• buněčná imunita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mediátory zánětu MeSH

Using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing protooncogene Bcl-2, we demonstrate opposite effects of the expressed Bcl-2 in two cell lines: apoptosis induction in BSC-40 cells and apoptosis prevention in HeLa G cells. The apparent molecular weight of the expressed Bcl-2, its amounts and its effects on the mitochondrial membrane potential are comparable in both cell lines, suggesting that the consequences of Bcl-2 expression depend on the cellular environment. To further support these findings we demonstrate the pro-apoptotic effect of the expressed Bcl-2 in several other cell lines.

• MeSH
• apoptóza genetika   MeSH
• buněčné linie cytologie   MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• chloramfenikol-O-acetyltransferasa genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• epitelové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• genetické vektory genetika   MeSH
• geny bcl-2 * MeSH
• HeLa buňky cytologie   MeSH
• intracelulární membrány fyziologie   MeSH
• Jurkat buňky cytologie   MeSH
• kaspasy metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové potenciály MeSH
• mitochondrie fyziologie   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 fyziologie   MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny fyziologie   MeSH
• reportérové geny MeSH
• transfekce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chloramfenikol-O-acetyltransferasa MeSH
• kaspasy MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH

The process of apoptosis is genetically regulated form of cell death, which is tightly connected, with maintaining of tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Mitochondria play a key role in this process being involved in ATP synthesis, production of oxygen free radicals, control of Ca2+ ions, extrusion of apoptogenic molecules such as cytochrome c, apoptosis inducing factor, Smac/DIABLO protein and several procaspases. Changes in the flux of ions and water across the inner mitochondrial membrane characterize the early phase of apoptosis, during which an increase in matrix volume may precede a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m). These changes are suppressed by Bcl-2/Bcl-XL facilitated by Bax, and mediated at least by so-called permeability transition pore complex which is one of possible mechanisms involved in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP).

• MeSH
• apoptóza fyziologie   MeSH
• mitochondrie fyziologie   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 MeSH

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, which differ in their structure and strategy of replication. The establishment of an antiviral state in uninfected cells and the elimination of virally infected cells are critical tasks in the host defence. Against the extensive array of immune modalities, viruses have successfully learned how to manipulate host immune control mechanisms. The study of viral strategies of immune evasion can provide insights into host-virus interactions and also illuminates essential functions of the immune system.

• MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virové nemoci imunologie   MeSH
• viry imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH