BACKGROUND: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. METHODS: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. FINDINGS: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020-21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40-0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40-0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21-0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75-1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145-55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.

Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories Glasgow Royal Infirmary Glasgow UK

Blavatnik School of Government University of Oxford Oxford UK

Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven Netherlands

Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases Division of the National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa

CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health Madrid Spain

Clinical Innovation Unit Rotunda Dublin Ireland

College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Department of Biology University of Oxford Oxford UK

Department of Clinical Microbiology Beaumont Hospital Dublin Ireland

Department of Clinical Microbiology Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland

Department of Health Microbiology Division Public Health Laboratory Services Branch Centre for Health Protection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China

Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

Department of Medical Microbiology German National Reference Centre for Streptococci University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Microbiology Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland

Department of Pediatrics Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center of Respiratory Medicine National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases Institute of Respiratory Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Beijing China

Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response National Institute for Communicable Diseases Division of the National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa

Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University of Mons Mons Belgium

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland

Immunisation and Countermeasures Division UK Health Security Agency London UK

Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division and Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit UK Health Security Agency London UK

Institut Pasteur Univeristé Paris Cité Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae Paris France

Instituto Nacional de Salud Bogotá Colombia

Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory Children's Health Ireland Dublin Ireland

Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Public Health Agency of Sweden Stockholm Sweden

Laboratoire National de Sante Dudelange Luxembourg

Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública Asunción Paraguay

Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria Centro Nacional de Microbiología Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Majadahonda Madrid Spain

Laboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil Créteil France

Medicine Department Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain

Meningococcal National Reference Centre Sciensano Belgium

Meningococcal Reference Laboratory Institute of Environmental Science and Research Porirua New Zealand

Microbiology Department Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain

Ministère de la Santé Direction de la santé Luxembourg Luxembourg

National Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel Brussels Belgium

National Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections Center of Bacteriology Institute Adolfo Lutz São Paulo Brazil

National Meningitis Reference Laboratory Department of Public Health Policy School of Public Health University of West Attica Athens Greece

National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada

National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology National Medicines Institute Warsaw Poland

National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium

National Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic

National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic

National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci National Center of Microbiology Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Health Örebro University Örebro Sweden

National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic

NSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research NSW Health Pathology Sydney NSW Australia

Nuffield Department of Population Health Big Data Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK

Population Health Medicine Public Health and Primary Care Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Public Health Agency Belfast UK

Public Health Agency of Sweden Solna Sweden

Public Health Laboratories Jerusalem Public Health Services Ministry of Health Jerusalem Israel

Public Health Wales Cardiff Wales UK

Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit UK Health Security Agency London UK

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section AMRHAI UK Health Security Agency London UK

Statens Serum Institut Department of Bacteria Parasites and Fungi Copenhagen Denmark

Statens Serum Institut Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Copenhagen Denmark

Streptococcal Reference Laboratory Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited Porirua New Zealand

Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci Institute for Infectious Diseases University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases University of Sydney NSW Australia

University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand

University of Würzburg Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae Würzburg Germany

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$a Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium / $c D. Shaw, R. Abad, Z. Amin-Chowdhury, A. Bautista, D. Bennett, K. Broughton, B. Cao, C. Casanova, EH. Choi, YW. Chu, H. Claus, J. Coelho, M. Corcoran, S. Cottrell, R. Cunney, L. Cuypers, T. Dalby, H. Davies, L. de Gouveia, AE. Deghmane, W. Demczuk, S. Desmet, M. Domenech, R. Drew, M. du Plessis, C. Duarte, H. Erlendsdóttir, NK. Fry, K. Fuursted, T. Hale, D. Henares, B. Henriques-Normark, M. Hilty, S. Hoffmann, H. Humphreys, M. Ip, S. Jacobsson, C. Johnson, J. Johnston, KA. Jolley, A. Kawabata, J. Kozakova, KG. Kristinsson, P. Krizova, A. Kuch, S. Ladhani, TT. Lâm, ME. León, L. Lindholm, D. Litt, MCJ. Maiden, I. Martin, D. Martiny, W. Mattheus, ND. McCarthy, M. Meehan, S. Meiring, P. Mölling, E. Morfeldt, J. Morgan, R. Mulhall, C. Muñoz-Almagro, D. Murdoch, J. Murphy, M. Musilek, A. Mzabi, L. Novakova, S. Oftadeh, A. Perez-Argüello, M. Pérez-Vázquez, M. Perrin, M. Perry, B. Prevost, M. Roberts, A. Rokney, M. Ron, OM. Sanabria, KJ. Scott, C. Sheppard, L. Siira, V. Sintchenko, A. Skoczyńska, M. Sloan, HC. Slotved, AJ. Smith, A. Steens, MK. Taha, M. Toropainen, G. Tzanakaki, A. Vainio, MPG. van der Linden, NM. van Sorge, E. Varon, S. Vohrnova, A. von Gottberg, J. Yuste, R. Zanella, F. Zhou, AB. Brueggemann

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$a BACKGROUND: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. METHODS: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. FINDINGS: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020-21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40-0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40-0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21-0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75-1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145-55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.

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700    1_

$a Abad, Raquel $u National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

700    1_

$a Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin $u Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Bautista, Adriana $u Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia

700    1_

$a Bennett, Desiree $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Broughton, Karen $u Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Cao, Bin $u Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

700    1_

$a Casanova, Carlo $u Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

700    1_

$a Choi, Eun Hwa $u Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

700    1_

$a Chu, Yiu-Wai $u Department of Health, Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

700    1_

$a Claus, Heike $u University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, Germany

700    1_

$a Coelho, Juliana $u Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Corcoran, Mary $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Cottrell, Simon $u Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK

700    1_

$a Cunney, Robert $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Cuypers, Lize $u National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

700    1_

$a Dalby, Tine $u Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Copenhagen, Denmark

700    1_

$a Davies, Heather $u Meningococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand

700    1_

$a de Gouveia, Linda $u Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

700    1_

$a Deghmane, Ala-Eddine $u Institut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, France

700    1_

$a Demczuk, Walter $u National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

700    1_

$a Desmet, Stefanie $u National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

700    1_

$a Domenech, Mirian $u National Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

700    1_

$a Drew, Richard $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a du Plessis, Mignon $u Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

700    1_

$a Duarte, Carolina $u Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia

700    1_

$a Erlendsdóttir, Helga $u Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

700    1_

$a Fry, Norman K $u Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division and Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Fuursted, Kurt $u Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark

700    1_

$a Hale, Thomas $u Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

700    1_

$a Henares, Desiree $u Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain

700    1_

$a Henriques-Normark, Birgitta $u Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden

700    1_

$a Hilty, Markus $u Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

700    1_

$a Hoffmann, Steen $u Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark

700    1_

$a Humphreys, Hilary $u Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Ip, Margaret $u Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

700    1_

$a Jacobsson, Susanne $u National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

700    1_

$a Johnson, Christopher $u Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK

700    1_

$a Johnston, Jillian $u Public Health Agency, Belfast, UK

700    1_

$a Jolley, Keith A $u Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

700    1_

$a Kawabata, Aníbal $u Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, Paraguay

700    1_

$a Kozakova, Jana $u National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

700    1_

$a Kristinsson, Karl G $u Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

700    1_

$a Krizova, Pavla $u National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

700    1_

$a Kuch, Alicja $u National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

700    1_

$a Ladhani, Shamez $u Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Lâm, Thiên-Trí $u University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, Germany

700    1_

$a León, María Eugenia $u Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, Paraguay

700    1_

$a Lindholm, Laura $u Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

700    1_

$a Litt, David $u Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Maiden, Martin C J $u Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

700    1_

$a Martin, Irene $u National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

700    1_

$a Martiny, Delphine $u National Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium

700    1_

$a Mattheus, Wesley $u Meningococcal National Reference Centre, Sciensano, Belgium

700    1_

$a McCarthy, Noel D $u Population Health Medicine, Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Meehan, Mary $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Meiring, Susan $u Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

700    1_

$a Mölling, Paula $u National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

700    1_

$a Morfeldt, Eva $u Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden

700    1_

$a Morgan, Julie $u Streptococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand

700    1_

$a Mulhall, Robert $u Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

700    1_

$a Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen $u Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

700    1_

$a Murdoch, David $u University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

700    1_

$a Murphy, Joy $u Public Health Agency, Belfast, UK

700    1_

$a Musilek, Martin $u National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

700    1_

$a Mzabi, Alexandre $u Ministère de la Santé - Direction de la santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

700    1_

$a Novakova, Ludmila $u National Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

700    1_

$a Oftadeh, Shahin $u NSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia

700    1_

$a Perez-Argüello, Amaresh $u Microbiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain

700    1_

$a Pérez-Vázquez, Maria $u Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

700    1_

$a Perrin, Monique $u Laboratoire National de Sante, Dudelange, Luxembourg

700    1_

$a Perry, Malorie $u Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK

700    1_

$a Prevost, Benoit $u National Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

700    1_

$a Roberts, Maria $u Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK

700    1_

$a Rokney, Assaf $u Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel

700    1_

$a Ron, Merav $u Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel

700    1_

$a Sanabria, Olga Marina $u Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia

700    1_

$a Scott, Kevin J $u Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK

700    1_

$a Sheppard, Carmen $u Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK

700    1_

$a Siira, Lotta $u Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

700    1_

$a Sintchenko, Vitali $u NSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia

700    1_

$a Skoczyńska, Anna $u National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

700    1_

$a Sloan, Monica $u Public Health Agency, Belfast, UK

700    1_

$a Slotved, Hans-Christian $u Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark

700    1_

$a Smith, Andrew J $u Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

700    1_

$a Steens, Anneke $u Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands

700    1_

$a Taha, Muhamed-Kheir $u Institut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, France

700    1_

$a Toropainen, Maija $u Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

700    1_

$a Tzanakaki, Georgina $u National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece

700    1_

$a Vainio, Anni $u Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

700    1_

$a van der Linden, Mark P G $u Department of Medical Microbiology, German National Reference Centre for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

700    1_

$a van Sorge, Nina M $u Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

700    1_

$a Varon, Emmanuelle $u Laboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci, Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil, Créteil, France

700    1_

$a Vohrnova, Sandra $u National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

700    1_

$a von Gottberg, Anne $u Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

700    1_

$a Yuste, Jose $u National Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

700    1_

$a Zanella, Rosemeire $u National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil

700    1_

$a Zhou, Fei $u Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

700    1_

$a Brueggemann, Angela B $u Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: angela.brueggemann@ndph.ox.ac.uk

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