We describe cases of collyriclosis in apodiform and passeriform birds in Portugal, Switzerland, and Germany. We extend the host range of Collyriculm faba to include apodiform birds ( Apus apus , Apus melba , and Apus pallidus ) and the passerine Sitta europaea (Eurasian Nuthatch). Infections varied in severity from an incidental finding to severe debilitation and death. The infection route remains unclear with the apparent absence from Germany, Portugal, and Switzerland of the first intermediate host of C. faba, the aquatic gastropod Bythinella austriaca, implying that other organisms might be involved in the parasite's life cycle. Furthermore, the detection of C. faba cysts in very young passerine birds may indicate an infection during the nestling stage and a rapid development of parasite-containing subcutaneous cysts. This series of cases highlights an increased geographic range into Portugal and the potential debilitating nature of a parasite of migratory birds in Europe. However, given the rarity of cases, collyriclosis does not seem to present an important threat to migratory species preservation.

Clinic for Zoo Animals Exotic Pets and Wildlife Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland

Comenius Museum Moravian Ornithological Station Horní nám 1 75152 Pr̆erov Czech Republic

Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Palackého tr̆ 1 61242 Brno Czech Republic

Dressel Small Animal Practice Bahnhofstrasse 3 79585 Steinen Germany

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Lusofona of Humanities and Technologies Campo Grande 376 1749 024 Lisbon Portugal

Global Health and Tropical Medicine Medical Parasitology Unit Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine New University of Lisbon Rua de Jungueira 100 1249 008 Lisbon Portugal

Institute of Parasitology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland

Institute of Veterinary Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 268 8057 Zurich Switzerland

Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Life Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece

Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Center RIAS Apartado 1009 8700 282 Olhão Portugal

Wuppertal Zoo Hubertusallee 30 42117 Wuppertal Germany

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Collyriclosis in Red-backed Shrikes Lanius Collurio from Israel and Czech Republic