The human Y-chromosome has proven to be a powerful tool for tracing the paternal history of human populations and genealogical ancestors. The human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q is the most frequent haplogroup in the Americas. Previous studies have traced the origin of haplogroup Q to the region around Central Asia and Southern Siberia. Although the diversity of haplogroup Q in the Americas has been studied in detail, investigations on the diffusion of haplogroup Q in Eurasia and Africa are still limited. In this study, we collected 39 samples from China and Russia, investigated 432 samples from previous studies of haplogroup Q, and analyzed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) subclades Q1a1a1-M120, Q1a2a1-L54, Q1a1b-M25, Q1a2-M346, Q1a2a1a2-L804, Q1a2b2-F1161, Q1b1a-M378, and Q1b1a1-L245. Through NETWORK and BATWING analyses, we found that the subclades of haplogroup Q continued to disperse from Central Asia and Southern Siberia during the past 10,000 years. Apart from its migration through the Beringia to the Americas, haplogroup Q also moved from Asia to the south and to the west during the Neolithic period, and subsequently to the whole of Eurasia and part of Africa.

A A Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 127051 Russian Federation

Department of Anthropology and Ethnology Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava 71000 Ostrava Czech Republic

Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of Tartu 50090 Tartu Estonia

Faculty of Central European Studies Beijing International Studies University Beijing 100024 China

Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales 75013 Paris France

Institute of Criminalistics Police of the Czech Republic 17089 Prague Czech Republic

Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China

National Center of Forensic Experts and Research Budapest 1087 Hungary

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