PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. Poor specificity and sensitivity of total PSA often results in over and sometimes underdetection/treatment. Therefore, more specific and sensitive biomarkers for the detection and monitoring especially of clinically significant PCa as well as treatment-specific markers are much sought after. In this field, urine has emerged as a promising noninvasive source of biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS: RNA-based biomarkers are the most extensively studied type of urinary nucleic acids. ERG-Score/MiPS (Mi-Prostate Score) and SelectMDx might be considered as additional parameters together with clinical and imaging modalities to decrease unnecessary biopsies. miR Sentinel Tests could make it possible to accurately detect the presence of cancer and to distinguish low-grade from high-grade disease. In men with previous negative biopsies, PCA3 may suggest the need to repeat biopsy. SUMMARY: The definitive role of these markers and their clinical benefit needs future validation.

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit Division of Urology University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada

Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology Urological Research Institute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy

Department of Urology CHRU Tours Francois Rabelais University Tours France

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas USA

Departments of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York

Division of Urology Department of Special Surgery Jordan University Hospital The 2 University of Jordan Amman Jordan

European Association of Urology research foundation Arnhem the Netherlands

Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health 1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna

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