-Societal gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent substance use.-The gender gap in adolescent substance use is larger in countries with higher levels of gender inequality.-Girls in these countries were less likely to get drunk, use alcohol or smoke cigarettes than boys.

Department of Developmental and Social Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy

Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands

Department of Sociology Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland

MRC CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom

School of Population and Global Health McGill University Montreal Canada

Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology Olomouc University Social Health Institute Palacky University in Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

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