Musculoskeletal ultrasound identifies a broad range of pathologies. Typical sonographic images of certain pathological/abnormal conditions can be rendered and "highlighted" for the daily practice/language of musculoskeletal sonographers. The following text and accompanying figures/videos represent a collection of findings pertaining to commonplace pathological conditions. This article is the second part of a series-after the characteristic/metaphoric descriptions of normal musculoskeletal structures.

From the Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic

See more in PubMed

Schattner A: More on emotions in medical education and practice. Acad Med 2017;92:726–7

Roozendaal B, McEwen BS, Chattarji S: Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:423–33

Jačisko J, Mezian K, Güvener O, et al.: Mnemonics and metaphorical videos for teaching/learning musculoskeletal sonoanatomy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022;101:e189–93

Tekin L, Kara M, Özçakar L: When the parrot’s beak becomes the crocodile’s mouth: a story on shoulder ultrasound. Rheumatol Int 2013;33:2447–8

Özçakar L: Sonographic Atlas for Common Musculoskeletal Pathologies . Milan, Italy, Ediermes srl, 2017. Available at: https://books.google.cz/books?id=LJmvswEACAAJ . Accessed October 22, 2022

Wu WT, Chang KV, Hsu YC, et al.: Artifacts in musculoskeletal ultrasonography: from physics to clinics. Diagnostics 2020;10:645

Ricci V, Soylu AR, Özçakar L: Artifacts and artistic facts: a visual simulation for ultrasound training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019;98:521–5

Cohen MJ, Kaplan L: Histology and ultrastructure of the human flexor tendon sheath. J Hand Surg Am 1987;12:25–9

Ogdie A, Taylor WJ, Neogi T, et al.: Performance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of gout in a multicenter study: comparison with monosodium urate monohydrate crystal analysis as the gold standard. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017;69:429–38

Mackinnon SE: Pathophysiology of nerve compression. Hand Clin 2002;18:231–41

Nakamichi KI, Tachibana S: Enlarged median nerve in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:1713–8

Ryu JA, Lee SH, Cha EY, et al.: Sonographic differentiation between schwannomas and neurofibromas in the musculoskeletal system. J Ultrasound Med 2015;34:2253–60

Yang F, Chen XX, Wu HL, et al.: Sonographic features and diagnosis of peripheral schwannomas. J Clin Ultrasound 2017;45:127–33

Lin J, Jacobson JA, Hayes CW: Sonographic target sign in neurofibromas. J Ultrasound Med 1999;18:513–7

Stull MA, Moser RP Jr., Kransdorf MJ, et al.: Magnetic resonance appearance of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Skeletal Radiol 1991;20:9–14

Woertler K: Tumors and tumor-like lesions of peripheral nerves. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2010;14:547–58

Bagnulo A, Gringmuth R: Treatment of myositis ossificans with acetic acid phonophoresis: a case series. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2014;58:353–60

Abate M, Salini V, Rimondi E, et al.: Post traumatic myositis ossificans: sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2011;39:135–40

Pun S, Kumar D, Lane NE: Femoroacetabular impingement. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67:17–27

Mezian K, Ricci V, Güvener O, et al.: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM dynamic ultrasound protocols for (adult) hip. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022;101:e162–8

Shah JR, Shah BR, Shah AB: Pictorial essay: ultrasonography in ‘tennis leg’. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2010;20:269–73