Bisphenol A alternatives are manufactured as potentially less harmful substitutes of bisphenol A (BPA) that offer similar functionality. These alternatives are already in the market, entering the environment and thus raising ecological concerns. However, it can be expected that levels of BPA alternatives will dominate in the future, they are limited information on their environmental safety. The EU PARC project highlights BPA alternatives as priority chemicals and consolidates information on BPA alternatives, with a focus on environmental relevance and on the identification of the research gaps. The review highlighted aspects and future perspectives. In brief, an extension of environmental monitoring is crucial, extending it to cover BPA alternatives to track their levels and facilitate the timely implementation of mitigation measures. The biological activity has been studied for BPA alternatives, but in a non-systematic way and prioritized a limited number of chemicals. For several BPA alternatives, the data has already provided substantial evidence regarding their potential harm to the environment. We stress the importance of conducting more comprehensive assessments that go beyond the traditional reproductive studies and focus on overlooked relevant endpoints. Future research should also consider mixture effects, realistic environmental concentrations, and the long-term consequences on biota and ecosystems.

Area of Toxicology Universidad Pablo de Olavide 41013 Sevilla Spain

CESAM and Department of Biology University of Aveiro 3810 193 Aveiro Portugal

Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology Federal Institute of Hydrology Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz Germany

Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark DK 5230 Odense M Denmark

Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Cell Toxicology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany

Department of Environmental Analysis Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 63 80 308 Gdańsk Poland

Department of Human Genetics National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge NOVA Medical School FCM UNL Lisbon Portugal

Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 133 8600 Duebendorf Switzerland

Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Ineris Verneuil en Halatte France

Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit INERIS UMR 1 02 SEBIO Verneuil en Halatte 65550 France

INRAE French National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment UR1454 EABX Bordeaux Metabolome MetaboHub Gazinet Cestas France

Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 63 80 308 Gdańsk Poland

Laboratory of Environmental Control of Pesticides Benaki Phytopathological Institute 8th Stefanou Delta str 14561 Kifissia Attica Greece

Molecular Entomology Biomarkers and Environmental Stress Group Faculty of Science Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia 28232 Las Rozas de Madrid Spain

National Institute of Biology Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology Večna pot 121 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Økernveien 94 N 0579 Oslo Norway

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Po Box 5003 N 1432 Ås Norway

RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlarska 2 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Science for Life Laboratory Department of Organismal Biology Program of Environmental Toxicology Uppsala University 75236 Uppsala Sweden

System Ecotoxicology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany

System Ecotoxicology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany; RWTH Aachen University Institute for Environmental Research Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany

Testing and Assessment Strategies Pesticides German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max Dohrn Str 8 10 10589 Berlin Germany; Ecotoxicological Laboratory German Environment Agency Schichauweg 58 12307 Berlin Germany

Theory Department Laboratory for Cheminformatics National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Zebrafishlab Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium

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