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Reweighting simulated events using machine-learning techniques in the CMS experiment

. 2025 ; 85 (5) : 495. [epub] 20250506

Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Language English Country France Media print-electronic

Document type Journal Article

Data analyses in particle physics rely on an accurate simulation of particle collisions and a detailed simulation of detector effects to extract physics knowledge from the recorded data. Event generators together with a geant-based simulation of the detectors are used to produce large samples of simulated events for analysis by the LHC experiments. These simulations come at a high computational cost, where the detector simulation and reconstruction algorithms have the largest CPU demands. This article describes how machine-learning (ML) techniques are used to reweight simulated samples obtained with a given set of parameters to samples with different parameters or samples obtained from entirely different simulation programs. The ML reweighting method avoids the need for simulating the detector response multiple times by incorporating the relevant information in a single sample through event weights. Results are presented for reweighting to model variations and higher-order calculations in simulated top quark pair production at the LHC. This ML-based reweighting is an important element of the future computing model of the CMS experiment and will facilitate precision measurements at the High-Luminosity LHC.

1 Physikalisches Institut RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

3 Physikalisches Institut A RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

3 Physikalisches Institut B RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics Cairo Egypt

Adiyaman University Adiyaman Turkey

AGH University of Krakow Kraków Poland

Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India

Another Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

Another International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

Authors Affiliated with an Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

Authors Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

Baylor University Waco TX USA

Beihang University Beijing China

Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico

Bergische University Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany

Bethel University St Paul MN USA

Bingol University Bingol Turkey

Bogazici University Istanbul Turkey

Boston University Boston MA USA

Bozok Universitetesi Rektörlügü Yozgat Turkey

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany

British University in Egypt Cairo Egypt

Brown University Providence RI USA

Brunel University Uxbridge UK

California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA

Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

Catholic University of America Washington DC USA

Center for High Energy Physics Fayoum University El Fayoum Egypt

Centre de Calcul de l'Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules CNRS IN2P3 Villeurbanne France

Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico City Mexico

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas Madrid Spain

Centro Siciliano di Fisica Nucleare e di Struttura Della Materia Catania Italy

CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland

Charles University Prague Czech Republic

China Center of Advanced Science and Technology Beijing China

China Spallation Neutron Source Dongguan Guangdong China

College of Engineering and Technology American University of the Middle East Dasman Kuwait

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Mexico City Mexico

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto Officina dei Materiali Perugia Italy

Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Department of Applied Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia

Department of Mathematics and Physics GWNU Gangneung Korea

Department of Physics College of Science Kuwait University Safat Kuwait

Department of Physics Faculty of Science Arak University Arak Iran

Department of Physics Kyung Hee University Seoul Korea

Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing China

Department of Physics University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA

Department of Physics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Department of Physics University of Ruhuna Matara Sri Lanka

Department of Physics University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran Behshahr Iran

Department of Physics Yonsei University Seoul Korea

Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron Hamburg Germany

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey

Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Erzincan Turkey

Escuela Politecnica Nacional Quito Ecuador

ETH Zurich Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics Zurich Switzerland

FACAMP Faculdades de Campinas São Paulo Brazil

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Split Split Croatia

Faculty of Engineering Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Istanbul Turkey

Faculty of Informatics University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary

Faculty of Physics University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Science Monash University Clayton Australia

Faculty of Science University of Split Split Croatia

Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia IL USA

Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA

Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA

Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany

Georgian Technical University Tbilisi Georgia

Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science and Guangdong Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter South China Normal University Guangzhou China

Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey

Hanyang University Seoul Korea

Helsinki Institute of Physics Helsinki Finland

Helwan University Cairo Egypt

Henan Normal University Xinxiang China

High Energy Physics Research Unit Department of Physics Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering Bucharest Romania

HUN REN ATOMKI Institute of Nuclear Research Debrecen Hungary

HUN REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics Budapest Hungary

IIT Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar India

Imperial College London UK

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune India

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India

INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati Frascati Italy

INFN Sezione di Bari Università di Bari Politecnico di Bari Bari Italy

INFN Sezione di Bologna Università di Bologna Bologna Italy

INFN Sezione di Catania Università di Catania Catania Italy

INFN Sezione di Firenze Università di Firenze Florence Italy

INFN Sezione di Genova Università di Genova Genoa Italy

INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca Università di Milano Bicocca Milan Italy

INFN Sezione di Napoli Università di Napoli 'Federico II' Naples Italy; Università della Basilicata Potenza Italy Scuola Superiore Meridionale Naples Italy

INFN Sezione di Padova Università di Padova Padua Italy Università di Trento Trento Italy

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INFN Sezione di Perugia Università di Perugia Perugia Italy

INFN Sezione di Pisa Università di Pisa Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Pisa Italy Università di Siena Siena Italy

INFN Sezione di Roma Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy

INFN Sezione di Torino Università di Torino Turin Italy Università del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy

INFN Sezione di Trieste Università di Trieste Trieste Italy

Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon Villeurbanne France

Institut für Hochenergiephysik Vienna Austria

Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences Tehran Iran

Institute for Scintillation Materials of National Academy of Science of Ukraine Kharkiv Ukraine

Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles Chonnam National University Kwangju Korea

Institute Formerly Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing China

Institute of Modern Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion beam Application Fudan University Shanghai China

Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics NCSR Demokritos Aghia Paraskevi Greece

Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Tashkent Uzbekistan

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar India

Institute Rudjer Boskovic Zagreb Croatia

Instituto De Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá Casilla 7 D Arica Chile

Instituto de Física de Cantabria CSIC Universidad de Cantabria Santander Spain

Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain

International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN Geneva Switzerland

IPPP Durham University Durham UK

IRFU CEA Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette France

Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran

Istanbul Okan University Istanbul Turkey

Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey

Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey

Istinye University Istanbul Turkey

Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Bologna Italy

Izmir Bakircay University Izmir Turkey

Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA

Kafkas University Kars Turkey

Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Karaman Turkey

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Karlsruhe Germany

Karoly Robert Campus MATE Institute of Technology Gyongyos Hungary

Konya Technical University Konya Turkey

Korea University Seoul Korea

Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea

Laboratoire d'Annecy le Vieux de Physique des Particules IN2P3 CNRS Annecy le Vieux France

Laboratoire Leprince Ringuet CNRS IN2P3 Ecole Polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris Palaiseau France

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas Lisbon Portugal

Lappeenranta Lahti University of Technology Lappeenranta Finland

Marmara University Istanbul Turkey

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA

Milli Savunma University Istanbul Turkey

MTA ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece

National Central University Chung Li Taiwan

National Centre for Nuclear Research Swierk Poland

National Centre for Particle Physics Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

National Centre for Physics Quaid 1 Azam University Islamabad Pakistan

National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia

National Institute of Science Education and Research An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute Bhubaneswar Odisha India

National Science Centre Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology Kharkiv Ukraine

National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan

National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece

Northeastern University Boston MA USA

Northwestern University Evanston IL USA

Panjab University Chandigarh India

Physics Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Asyût Egypt

Physics Department Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey

Physics Department Science and Art Faculty Çukurova University Adana Turkey

Princeton University Princeton NJ USA

PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences Villigen Switzerland

Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India

Purdue University Northwest Hammond IN USA

Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA

Research Center of Experimental Health Science Near East University Mersin Turkey

Rice University Houston TX USA

Riga Technical University Riga Latvia

Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ USA

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot UK

Saegis Campus Nugegoda Sri Lanka

Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics HBNI Kolkata India

School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton Southampton UK

Scuola Superiore Meridionale Università di Napoli 'Federico II' Naples Italy

Sejong University Seoul Korea

Seoul National University Seoul Korea

Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

Sinop University Sinop Turkey

State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology Peking University Beijing China

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Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics Vienna Austria

Sun Yat Sen University Guangzhou China

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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research A Mumbai India

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Trincomalee Campus Eastern University Sri Lanka Nilaveli Sri Lanka

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Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia

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Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi Rome Italy

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