Pollution with heavy metal salts is an important environmental problem today, having an adverse effect on public health. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body. The antioxidant protection (GPX-1) of the pineal gland in mature rats was studied. Animals of the experimental group represented a model of microelementosis, achieved by adding a mixture of heavy metal salts for 90 days to drinking water: zinc (ZnSO4×7H2O) - 5 mg/l, copper (CuSO4×5H2O) - 1 mg/l, iron (FeSO4) - 10 mg/l, manganese (MnSO4×5H2O) - 0.1 mg/l, lead (Pb(NO3)2) - 0.1 mg/l, and chromium (K2Cr2O7) - 0.1 mg/l. Morphological, statistical and immunohistochemical (GPX-1) research methods were used. Long-term (90-days) intake of heavy metal salts mixture in the body of experimental animals brought about development of the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of chronic stress "subcompensation" in the pineal gland. Morphological rearrangements were of nonspecific polymorphic nature as severe hemodynamics disorder in the organ, impairment of vascular wall morphology, development of tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress, accompanied by processes of accelerated apoptosis in part of pinealocytes, by a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase level in the organ and reactive astrogliosis as a response to the damaging agent's action. Along with the negative changes in the pineal gland, a compensatory-adaptive processes with signs of functional stress also occurred. A sufficiently high degree of glutathione peroxidase activity in 39% of pinealocytes located perivascularly, active adaptive glial reaction and activation of synthetic processes in some pinealocytes were also observed.
- MeSH
- epifýza mozková * MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- soli MeSH
- těžké kovy * toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor characterized by slow growth causing painless facial swelling. The tumor can behave locally aggressively, and may have direct destructive effects on the surrounding soft and hard tissues. This paper reports the unique case of a female patient with giant ameloblastoma of the mandible. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an enormous swelling of the left side of the face, resorption of the affected hemi-mandible, left maxilla, and tissues of the temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine fossae. Pressure from the tumor resulted in displacement and destruction of the facial skeleton, upper aero-digestive tract structures, and some structures of the neck. The patient was treated by radical hemimandibulectomy with removal of the tumorous mass. Precise knowledge of the anatomical structures, and their locations and topographical relationships is required in the diagnosis and treatment plan for each surgical procedure in cases of giant ameloblastoma. CT imaging can be used to determine the extent and exact location of the lesion, revealing other important details that may help in selecting appropriate treatment.
- MeSH
- ameloblastom * diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- hlava MeSH
- krk MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mandibula MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
BACKGROUND: Investigation of p53 immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of normal renal tissue and renal cell carcinoma with respect to histopathologic subtype and nuclear grade of RCC. METHODS: 42 tissue sections of RCC and 5 samples of normal renal tissue were stained for p53 expression using immunohistochemical assay. The results were analyzed in relation to nuclear grade and histopathologic subtype. RESULTS: In total, p53 expression was found to be 4 to 5 times higher (30.8%) in other types of RCC than in the clear-cell type of RCC (6.9%). Further, there was no statistically significant difference in p53 overexpression among the histopathologic subtypes (P>0.05, P=0.063). No association was found between the expression of p53 and nuclear grade (P>0.05, P=0.17). Interestingly, our study also showed weak cytoplasmic positivity in renal tubular epithelium. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that p53 might play an important role in tumour development or progression and it might be used as a new predictor and therapeutic target for RCC.
- MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk chemie patologie MeSH
- ledviny chemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 analýza MeSH
- nádory ledvin chemie patologie MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Východiská: Odpoveďou onkoproteínu p53 na poškodenie DNA je indukcia zastavenia bunkového delenia (apoptózy). Mutácia génu TP53 (gén, ktorý kóduje proteín p53) je veľmi častá v humánnych malignitách a mení pôsobenie proteínu p53. Výsledkom je stabilná forma p53, ktorá sa hromadí v jadrách nádorových buniek súčasne so stratou jeho funkcie. Mutovaná p53 je stabilizovaná a ľahko imunohistochemicky (IHC) detegovateľná. Hladina p53 je v zdravých bunkách výrazne determinovaná proteínom MDM2 (murine double minute‑2). Tento spolupôsobí pri degradácii proteínu p53, a zároveň ho považujeme za potenciálny marker funkčnosti p53. Nadexpresia proteínu MDM2 predstavuje mechanizmus, ktorý môže počas tumorigenézy rušiť funkciu p53. Súbor a metódy: Stotridsaťšesť vzoriek karcinómu pľúc sme získali od pacientov, ktorí podstúpili radikálnu resekciu (lobektómiu alebo pulmonektómiu a lymfadektómiu). Patologická diagnóza bola stanovená na základe WHO kritérií. V našej štúdii sme sledovali expresiu proteínu p53 a proteínu MDM2, ktorý môže slúžiť ako IHC marker pre p53 status. Oba proteíny sme imunohistochemicky detegovali. Stanovili sme ich expresiu, ďalej sme porovnali ich výskyt s klinicko‑patologickými parametrami. Výsledky: Vo vzorkách p53 a MDM2 pozitívnych sme pozorovali silne tmavohnedo sfarbené jadrá nádorových buniek. Väčšina p53 pozitívnych vzoriek predstavovala skvamocelulárny typ (55 %), nasledovali vzorky veľkobunkového typu (53 %) a 26 % p53 pozitívnych vzoriek predstavoval adenokarcinóm. Ani jedna vzorka z iných typov neexprimovala p53. Ďalej sme porovnali výskyt p53 a stupeň malignity nádoru (grade). Zistili sme, že expresia p53 stúpa so stupňom malignity nádoru. Na štatistické vyhodnotenie sme použili chi‑kvadrátový test, ktorým sme dokázali štatistickú významnosť medzi expresiou p53 na jednej strane, a typom nádoru a stupňom malignity na strane druhej (p = 0,000425; p = 0,00157). S ohľadom na expresiu p53 a MDM2 sme zistili nasledovné: len deväť vzoriek bolo simultánne p53 a MDM2 pozitívnych. V 46 prípadoch (34 %) zvýšená hladina p53 bola kombinovaná s MDM2 negativitou. Ostatné vzorky boli buď negatívne na oba proteíny (71/52 %), alebo p53 negatívne a MDM2 pozitívne v počte 10/7 %. Záver: Vo väčšine štúdií je absencia p53 imunoreaktivity dávaná do súvisu s absenciou p53 mutácií. Platí to aj naopak, a síce, pozitívna expresia p53 je považovaná za znak mutácie p53, ktorý súvisí so stratou funkcie. V našej štúdii 34 % prípadov vykazovalo vysokú hladinu p53 bez expresie MDM2. Tieto nádory považujeme za tumory s inaktivujúcimi mutáciami, ktoré stabilizujú proteín p53. Na druhej strane nádory, ktoré exprimujú vysoké hladiny stabilnej p53 a sú súčasne pozitívne na MDM2 (v našom prípade 9 vzoriek/7 %) predstavujú skupinu s funkčnou p53. U tejto skupiny pacientov by sme mohli očakávať lepšiu prognózu. Kľúčové slová: onkoproteín p53 – MDM2 proteín – karcinóm pľúc – imunohistochémia
Background: The oncoprotein p53 protein induces cell growth arrest (apoptosis) in response to endo‑ or exogenous stimuli. Mutation of TP53 (gene encoding the p53 protein) is common in human malignancies and alters the conformation of p53. The result is a more stable protein which accumulates in nuclei of tumor cells with loss of function. Mutant p53 is stabilized, and it is possible to detect this form very clearly by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression of the MDM2 protein is used as a potential marker of p53 function. P53 levels in normal cells are highly determined by the MDM2 protein (murine double minute‑2) – mediated degradation of p53. MDM2 overexpression represents at least one mechanism by which p53 function can be abrogated during tumorigenesis. Material and Methods: Lung carcinoma samples were obtained from patients, who underwent radical resection (lobectomy or pulmonectomy and lymphadectomy). Pathological diagnosis was based on the WHO criteria. In our study, we investigated the expression of p53 and MDM2 protein that might improve IHC as a marker for p53 status. Proteins were IHC detected in 136 samples of primary lung carcinoma. Immunostaining results of p53 positive samples were compared to IHC expression of MDM2 positive and MDM2 negative samples. Results: Strong brown nuclear staining was visible in p53 and MDM2 positive cells. The most p53 positive cases were samples of squamocellular carcinoma (55%), then samples of large cell carcinoma (53%) and 26% adenocarcinoma samples showed the p53 immunoreactivity. No one sample of different types was p53 positive. When we compared the p53 expression and grade of tumor, we found that the p53 expression increased with the grade of tumor. For statistical evaluation, the chi‑square test was used. The relationship between p53 expression and type of tumor, also the p53 expression and grade of tumor was statistically significant (p = 0.000425; p = 0.00157). Regarding p53 and MDM2 expression, only nine samples (7%) were simultaneously p53 and MDM2 positive. In 46 (34%) cases, elevation of p53 was combined with MDM2 negative expression. Other tumor samples were either negative for both proteins (71/52%), or p53 negative and MDM2 positive in 10 (7%) tumor samples. Conclusion: Absence of p53 staining in most studies indicates absence of p53 mutation, and on the contrary, positive expression of p53 is a sign of p53 mutations with loss of function. In our study, 34% of cases with extensively high level of p53 without increased level of MDM2 were identified. We suppose that these are tumors with inactivating mutations that stabilize p53. On the other hand, tumors with high level of stabilized wild‑type p53 protein and simultaneously with increased MDM2 staining (9 samples/7%) represent group with functional p53. In this group of patients, we could expect better prognosis with regard to function of p53 protein. Key words: oncoprotein p53 – MDM2 protein – lung cancer – immunohistochemistry This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic VEGA: 1/0224/12; 1/0925/11; 1/0928/11. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 13. 6. 2013 Accepted: 23. 7. 2013
- MeSH
- bodová mutace MeSH
- exprese genu * MeSH
- geny p53 * fyziologie genetika MeSH
- histologie MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nádory plic MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-mdm2 * fyziologie genetika MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Úvod: Proteíny XRCC1 a ERCC1 plnia funkciu pri oprave poškodenej DNA. Proteín XRCC1 zohráva úlohu v bázovej excíznej reparácii, kým proteín ERCC1 v nukleotidovej excíznej reparácii. Zvýšená expresia týchto proteínov sa za podmienok nádorového bujnenia podieľa na vzniku liekovej rezistencie. Proteín ERCC1 je dávaný do súvisu so vznikom rezistencie na liečbu platinovými derivátmi. Pacienti a metódy: V práci sme použili 107 vzoriek karcinómov pľúc od pacientov s nemalobunkovým karcinómom. Vo vzorkách sme imunohistochemickou metódou detegovali expresiu DNA reparačných proteínov XRCC1 a ERCC1. Nami detegovanú expresiu proteínov sme porovnali s týmito klinickopatologickými parametrami: histopatologický typ nádoru, grade a TNM štádium ochorenia. Výsledky: Hladiny proteínu XRCC1 boli vo vzorkách skvamocelulárneho a veľkobunkového typu dvojnásobne vyššie (60 % pozitívnych vzoriek) v porovnaní so vzorkami adenokarcinómu (35 % pozitívnych vzoriek). Použitím chí-kvadrátového testu sme ďalej zistili, že vzťah proteín XRCC1 vs typ nádoru bol štatistický významný, nakoľko p = 0,0306. Pri porovnaní expresie proteínu s gradingom a stagingom sme však štatistickú významnosť nepotvrdili. V prípade proteínu ERCC1 sme pozorovali u adenokarcinómu a skvamocelulárneho karcinómu vysokú expresiu proteínu ERCC1. Táto dosahovala hodnoty 64,5 % u adenokarcinómu a 62,5 % u skvamocelulárneho typu. U adenokarcinómu sme ďalej zistili podstatný rozdiel v obsahu proteínov ERCC1 (64,5 % pozitívnych vzoriek) vs XRCC1 (35,5 % pozitívnych vzoriek). V prípade vzoriek veľkobunkového typu bola pozitivita ERCC1 približne rovnaká (45,5 % pozitívnych vzoriek vs 54,5 % negatívnych prípadov). Pri použití chí--kvadrátového testu sme nezaznamenali štatistickú významnosť ani v jednom zo sledovaných parametrov (typ, grading, staging). Záver: Zdá sa, že proteín XRCC1 by mohol predstavovať významný mechanizmus DNA reparácie u skvamocelulárneho a veľkobunkového typu. Okrem toho, jeho expresia bola v korelácii s typom nádoru. V prípade proteínu ERCC1 by sme u pacientov s adenokarcinómom a skvamocelulárnym typom mohli predpokladať zvýšenú rezistenciu na liečbu platinovými derivátmi vďaka vysokej pravdepodobnosti expresie proteínu. Ak by sme však tento predpoklad chceli potvrdiť, potrebovali by sme podstatne zväčšiť náš súbor pacientov. Hladiny ERCC1 však nekorelovali so žiadnymi nami sledovanými klinickopatologickými parametrami. Tento proteín bude pravdepodobne predstavovať u NSCLC prognosticky nezávislý faktor.
Background: Proteins XRCC1 and ERCC1 are involved in DNA repair. XRCC1 plays a role in DNA base excision repair and ERCC1 in nucleotide excision repair pathway. Higher expression profile of both proteins in cancer cells may contribute to development of drug resistance. ERCC1 is involved in removal of platinum adducts and might be a potential predictive and prognostic marker in NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) treated with a cisplatin-based regimen. The purpose of study was determination of XRCC1 and ERCC1 levels and their correlation with basic clinicopathological parameters in NSCLC. Patients and Methods: In this study, 107 tumor samples diagnosed as NSCLC were immunohistochemically examined for expression of XRCC1 and ERCC1 proteins. Our results were compared to basic clinicopathological parameters: type of tumor, tumor grade and stage of disease. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used. Results: In squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma samples, the XRCC1 protein level was twofold higher (60% of positive samples) than in adenocarcinoma samples (35.5% of positive samples). We have found statistical correlation between XRCC1 protein expression and type of tumor (p = 0.0306). On the other hand, the statistical importance between the protein level versus grade and stage was not found. In the case of the ERCC1 protein, we observed the highest protein level in adenocarcinoma (64.5%) and squamous cell carcinoma (62.5%) samples. Next, we determined a significant difference in content of XRCC1 versus ERCC1 (35.5% vs 64.5%) in adenocarcinoma samples. Statistical chi-square test did not reveal any correlation between ERCC1 status and clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion: According to our results, XRCC1 represents an important mechanism of DNA repair in squamous cell and large cell carcinomas. Besides that, expression of XRCC1 was in correlation with type of tumor. In patients with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, we could assume increased resistance to platinum-based therapy because of high expectation of ERCC1 protein expression. However, its levels did not correlate with monitored clinicopathological parameters. The ERCC1 protein will be possibly an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC. To prove a true survival benefit of patients with expression of ERCC1, prospective validation of ERCC1 before clinical implication is needed in the future. Key words: DNA repair proteins – non-small-cell lung carcinoma – immunohistochemistry Submitted: 29. 5. 2012 Accepted: 14. 7. 2012
- Klíčová slova
- XRCC1, ERCC1,
- MeSH
- adenokarcinom genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chemorezistence MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny * diagnostické užití genetika MeSH
- endonukleasy metabolismus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nemalobuněčný karcinom plic * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- oprava DNA MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
A large number of renal cancer patients show poor or partial response to chemotherapy and the precise mechanism has not been understood yet. MDR is the principal mechanism by which many cancers develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and is associated with the elevated expression of MDR proteins. These are divided into two groups: ABC transporters and non-ABC transporters. The aim of our study was to determine the expression of MDR1/Pgp, MRP1 and LRP in 47 samples of renal cell carcinomas using immunohistochemical assay. Our results were analysed in relation to nuclear grade and other clinical and pathological parameters to see the possible correlation between the expression of MDR proteins and factors mentioned above. The majority of renal carcinoma specimens showed positivity for MDR proteins. In this regard, 21 % of samples revealed positive results for MDR1, 62 % for MRP1 and 76.6 % for LRP protein. Furthermore, our study displayed significant differences between MDR1, LRP and nuclear grade. On the other hand, no association was found between MRP1 and nuclear grade, as well as between the expression of three MDR proteins and other clinically relevant parameters.
- MeSH
- chemorezistence MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ledvin metabolismus patologie MeSH
- P-glykoprotein biosyntéza MeSH
- proteiny spojené s mnohočetnou rezistencí k lékům biosyntéza MeSH
- vault ribonucleoprotein particles antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
