PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) and to characterise the isolates in 14 departments of ten academic hospitals in Slovakia. METHODS: During a one-month study (September 2012) all unformed stool samples were investigated using a rapid test to detect the presence of GDH and toxins A/B. Positive samples were cultured anaerobically and C. difficile isolates were characterised by ribotyping, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis, and gyrA, rpoB and ermB investigation. RESULTS: A total of 194 unformed stool samples were investigated and 38 (19.6 %) had a positive rapid test. Of 38 samples, 27 revealed a positive result for GDH and free toxins A/B in the stool, and 11 samples only for the presence of GDH. The mean CDI incidence in 2012 was 5.2 cases per 10,000 patient bed-days. Twenty C. difficile isolates were available for molecular analysis; seventeen belonged to PCR-ribotype 001 (85 %) whereas the remaining three isolates were identified as PCR-ribotypes 017, 078 and 449. MLVA of the PCR-ribotype 001 isolates identified two clonal complexes and a close genetic relatedness between isolates from six different hospitals. Molecular analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants revealed the presence of ermB gene encoding resistance to the MLSB group of antibiotics in 90 % of isolates, and Thr82Ile amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones in 85 % of isolates. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that C. difficile PCR-ribotype 001 is the predominant PCR-ribotype in Slovakia with a strong potential for clonal spread and development of multidrug resistance.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- Clostridioides difficile klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- klostridiové infekce epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minisatelitní repetice MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
- nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- průjem chemicky indukované epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- ribotypizace * MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- amikacin farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- aminoglykosidy genetika MeSH
- Enterococcus faecalis enzymologie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- enzymy genetika MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- gentamiciny farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- geny genetika MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- léková rezistence genetika účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
1-SO-adenine DNA adducts, DNA single-strand breaks (SBs), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), mutant frequency (MF) at the HPRT gene, and immune parameters (hematological and of humoral immunity) were studied in styrene-exposed human subjects and controls. Results were correlated with genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (XPD, exon 23, XPG, exon 15, XPC, exon 15, XRCC1, exon 10, XRCC3, exon 7) and cell cycle gene cyclin D1. Results for biomarkers of genotoxicity after stratification for the different DNA repair genetic polymorphisms showed that the polymorphism in exon 23 of the XPD gene modulates levels of chromosomal and DNA damage, HPRT MF, and moderately affects DNA adduct levels. The highest levels of biomarkers were associated with the wild-type homozygous AA genotype. The exposed individuals with the wild-type GG genotype for XRCC1 gene exhibited the lowest CA frequencies, compared to those with an A allele (P < 0.05). Cyclin D1 polymorphism seems to modulate the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the analyzed subjects. The number of eosinophiles was positively associated with XPD variant C allele and negatively with XRCC1 variant A allele (P < 0.05) and XPC variant C allele (P < 0.05). Immunoglobulin IgA was positively associated with an XRCC3 variant T allele (P < 0.01) and negatively with XPC variant C allele (P < 0.05). Both C3- and C4-complement components were lower in individuals with XRCC3 CT (P < 0.05) and TT genotypes (P < 0.01). Adhesion molecules sL-selectin and sICAM-1 were associated with XPC genotype (P < 0.05). Individual susceptibility may be reflected in genotoxic and immunotoxic responses to environmental and occupational exposures to xenobiotics.
- MeSH
- cyklin D1 genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutageny toxicita MeSH
- oprava DNA MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- pracovní expozice MeSH
- styren toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by intratracheal instillation with 1 mg/animal of refractory ceramic fibers. Intratracheal exposure to ceramic fibers led to significant changes of immune response. Results of proliferative activity of spleen lymphocytes showed significantly decreased proliferative activity of T-cells in response to mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A in animals given ceramic fibers in comparison with control rats. Similarly, T-dependent B-cell response to pokeweed mitogen was significantly suppressed. Spontaneous proliferative activity of lymphocytes in non-stimulated spleen cell cultures did not differ in exposed and control rats. No significant changes were found among groups in percentage of phagocytic blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and percentage of cells with respiratory burst.
- MeSH
- fagocytóza MeSH
- kaolin toxicita MeSH
- keramika MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- minerální vlákna toxicita MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
