Air Concentration
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... update 2 -- Key scientific issues in the development of the guidelines 4 -- The updated guidelines and air ... ... Global ambient air pollution concentrations and trends 31 -- Summary 31 -- Assessment of air quality ... ... concentrations 72 -- Overall strength of the relationship between personal (or indoor) and outdoor concentrations ... ... effect of air pollution? ... ... Indoor air pollutant levels in households using solid fuel: concentrations and exposures 194 -- Health ...
484 s. : il., tab. ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- oxid dusičitý škodlivé účinky MeSH
- oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ozon škodlivé účinky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- vzduch normy MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší analýza MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí MeSH
- Konspekt
- Životní prostředí a jeho ochrana
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
Znečištění ovzduší je tvořeno směsí plynů, kapalin a pevných částí. Největší pozornost se věnuje malým prachovým částicím (průměr pod 10 µm), ve kterých bylo zjištěno tisíce látek a které pronikají až do bronchiálního stromu. Ještě menší částice (průměr pod 2,5 µm) pronikají až do alveolů a ty nejjemnější i do cirkulace. Částice v místě deponování vyvolávají kaskádu zánětlivých dějů a oxidační stress. Jejich krátkodobé i dlouhodobé působení vyvolává řadu patofyziologických dějů. Z epidemiologických prací vyplývá, že vyšší koncentrace škodlivin jsou obvykle spojeny s vyšší nemocností a mortalitou, celkovou i kardiovaskulární. Škodlivé působení je relativně malé a může být překryto jinými vlivy, zejména klasickými rizikovými faktory. Znečištění však působí na velké množství lidí, a to je závažné. V USA již bylo prokázáno, že dlouhodobé snížení znečištění ovzduší je provázeno prodloužením střední délky života.
Air pollution consists from a mixture of gases, fluids and solid particles. The highest attention receive the fine particulate matter (less than 10 µm in diameter), containing thousands of different substances and being able to penetrate the bronchial tree. The smaller particles (less than 2.5 µm in diameter) penetrate up to the alveoli and the finest ones into the blood stream. Within their deposits, particles trigger a cascade of inflammatory reactions and an oxidative stress. They initiate many short-term and long-term pathophysiological processes. Epidemiologic surveys demonstrate that the higher concentration of pollutants is usually related to the higher overall and particularly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Negative effects are usually rather small and can be drown with other factors, namely the classical risk factors. Because pollution affects many people its effects can be very serious. It was confirmed in the US that the long lasting decrease of air pollution is accompanied with the prolongation of the average life expectancy.
- MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci mortalita MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The aim of this project was to assess the concentration ranges of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air by means of active and passive sampling devices located in remote areas along the southern part of the German-Czech border. During the measuring program we also used spruce needles of different ages as biomonitors. The first results, which are restricted to PCDD/F measurements, indicate that the concentrations in both air and needles measured at four sites in the Bavarian Forest and Sumava crest region are lower than in many other regions of Bavaria and lower than during former measuring campaigns in adjacent regions of Austria and Bohemia. There is no apparent reason for the higher contamination by dioxins and furans in South Bohemia ecosystems, which are far from emission centers in central and northern Czech Republic. Other POPs will be investigated in the future.
- MeSH
- benzofurany analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzofurany MeSH
- smrk chemie MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Německo MeSH
AIM: The aim of this review was to collect all available data about air pollution in Ostrava, which is one of the most polluted area in central Europe and to make a concise assessment of health risks resulting from historical exposures of air pollutants since the beginning of the monitoring, i.e. since 1970 to the present time. METHODS: All available information sources (the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, the Institute of Public Health in Ostrava or publications) were used. To evaluate the exposures both short-term (hourly and daily) data and long term (yearly) data during 45 years were analysed. For health risk assessment the relationship between exposure and biological effects of pollutants published by the WHO and the US EPA were employed. RESULTS: During the studied period annual average concentrations of PM10 ranged from 25 to 96 µg/m(3); PM2.5 from 24 to 45 µg/m(3); SO2 from 3.4 to 101.5 µg/m(3); NO2 from 17.76 to 51.17 µg/m(3); benzene from 0.24 to 9.2 µg/m(3); benzo[a]pyrene from 2.1 to 14 ng/m(3); arsenic from 1.2 to 9.5 ng/m(3). Since the turn of the 80s and 90s of the 20th century trend of air pollutant concentrations has been decreasing until the turn of millennium, when it stopped, and it has been constant until present time. However, presented results demonstrate that the citizens of Ostrava have been exposed to relatively high concentrations of pollutants in comparison to other similar cities. The most significant pollutants contributing to health risks are airborne dust (PM10, PM2.5), benzene and benzo[a]pyrene. The long-term average health risk of PM10 has increased in case of postneonatal infant mortality up to 30%; prevalence of bronchitis in children up to 61%; and incidence of chronic bronchitis in adults up to 89%. The long-term average health risk of PM2.5 increased for all-cause mortality in persons aged 30+ years up to 22%; cardiopulmonary related mortality up to 25%; and lung cancer related mortality up to 39%. The highest carcinogenic risk is observed in benzo[a]pyrene, when the range of individual lifetime carcinogenic risk is up to 1.25*10(-3). This assessment is valid according to the strict carcinogenic risk by the WHO, while the maximum carcinogenic risk according the US EPA is 7.2*10(-5). CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction of the pollutants' concentrations in Ostrava in the nineties of the last century does not mean a required improvement of outdoor air quality to the desired level. Persisting episodes with a very strong short-term increase of the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5, as well as long-term load of these substances on the population is very high. Health risks from such burdens are likely to lead to a higher mortality and morbidity especially from specific diseases.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- pevné částice MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent hazardous chemicals that are still detected in the atmosphere and other environmental media, although their production has been banned for several decades. At the long-term monitoring site, Zeppelin at Spitsbergen, different PCB congeners have been continuously measured for more than a decade. However, it is not clear what factors determine the seasonal and interannual variability of different (lighter versus heavier) PCB congeners. To investigate the influence of atmospheric transport patterns on PCB-28 and PCB-101 concentrations at Zeppelin, we applied the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART and calculated "footprints" that indicate the potential source regions of air arriving at Zeppelin. By means of a cluster analysis, we assigned groups of similar footprints to different transport regimes and analyzed the PCB concentrations according to the transport regimes. The concentrations of both PCB congeners are affected by the different transport regimes. For PCB-101, the origin of air masses from the European continent is primarily related to high concentrations; elevated PCB-101 concentrations in winter can be explained by the high frequency of this transport regime in winter, whereas PCB-101 concentrations are low when air is arriving from the oceans. For PCB-28, in contrast, concentrations are high during summer when air is mainly arriving from the oceans but low when air is arriving from the continents. The most likely explanation of this finding is that local emissions of PCB-28 mask the effect of long-range transport and determine the concentrations measured at Zeppelin.
- MeSH
- atmosféra MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- oceány a moře MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- oceány a moře MeSH
- Svalbard MeSH
Analyses of hazardous substances in air ; v. 4
215 s.
Analyses of hazardous substances in air ; v. 6
234 s.
