BACKGROUND: Several new species of Leishmania have recently emerged in Europe, probably as the result of global changes and increased human migration from endemic areas. In this study, we tested whether two sand fly species, the Western Mediterranean Phlebotomus perniciosus and the Eastern Mediterranean P. tobbi, are competent vectors of L. donovani, L. major and L. martiniquensis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sand flies were infected through the chick skin membrane using Leishmania species and strains of various geographical origins. Leishmania infections were evaluated by light microscopy and qPCR, and the representation of morphological forms was assessed from Giemsa-stained gut smears. Neither P. perniciosus nor P. tobbi supported the development of L. martiniquensis, but L. major and L. donovani in both species survived defecation of blood meal remnants, colonized the stomodeal valve and produced metacyclic stages. The results with L donovani have shown that infection rates in sand flies can be strain-specific; therefore, to determine vector competence or refractoriness, it is optimal to test at least two strains of Leishmania. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE: Both sand fly species tested are potential vectors of L. donovani and L. major in Mediterranean area. However, further studies will be needed to identify European vectors of L. martiniquensis and to test the ability of other European sand fly species to transmit L. major, L. donovani, L. tropica and L. infantum.
- MeSH
- Insect Vectors * parasitology physiology MeSH
- Chickens parasitology MeSH
- Leishmania * physiology classification genetics MeSH
- Leishmaniasis transmission parasitology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Phlebotomus * parasitology physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Východiska: Endometrióza je gynekologické onemocnění postihující ženy v reprodukčním věku. Hlavním příznakem je bolest, která může mít výrazný dopad na kvalitu života ženy. Cíl: Cílem studie je zhodnotit kvalitu života žen s endometriózou před započetím chirurgické léčby a 3 měsíce po jejím zahájení. Metody: Byla použita kvantitativní metoda s využitím standardizovaného dotazníku Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) v české verzi a numerická škála měření bolesti Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Pilotní výzkum se týkal 10 pacientek s endometriózou, které byly indikovány k chirurgické léčbě pomocí laparoskopie. Dotazník respondentky vyplnily před započetím léčby a následně 3 měsíce po jejím zahájení. Data byla zpracována v souladu s doporučeným postupem k dotazníku EHP-30. Ze statistických metod byl použit Wilcoxonův test a McNemarův test. Výsledky a diskuze: Z výzkumného šetření vyplývá, že 3 měsíce po operaci došlo ke snížení skóre v doménách „bolest“, „kontrola a bezmoc“ a „emocionální pohoda“ ve srovnání s hodnocením před operací. V rámci hodnocení intenzity bolesti předoperačně a pooperačně došlo ke snížení bolesti při menstruaci, během menstruace a při defekaci. Závěr: Chirurgická léčba endometriózy zlepšuje kvalitu života v několika oblastech hodnocených dotazníkem EHP-30 a jejím zásadním důsledkem je také snížení bolestí.
Background: Endometriosis is a gynaecological disease affecting women of reproductive age. The main symptom is pain, which can have a significant impact on a woman's quality of life. Aim: The aim of study is to evaluate the quality of life of women with endometriosis before and 3 months after the start of surgical treatment. Methods: A quantitative method was used using the standardized Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) questionnaire in the Czech version and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. The pilot study involved 10 patients with endometriosis who were referred for surgical treatment (using laparoscopy). The questionnaire was completed by the respondents before the start of treatment and then 3 months after the start of treatment. The data were processed according to the recommended procedure for the EHP-30 questionnaire. The statistical methods used were Wilcoxon test and McNemar test.Results and Discussion: The results showed that 3 months after surgery, scores in the domains of pain, control and helplessness, and emotional well-being were reduced compared with the preoperative scores. There was a reduction in pain intensity scores preoperatively and postoperatively for menstruation, during menstruation, and defecation. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of endometriosis improves quality of life in several domains assessed by the EHP-30 questionnaire, and a major consequence is a reduction in pain.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Endometriosis * surgery diagnosis classification psychology MeSH
- Quality of Life MeSH
- Laparoscopy methods psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Clinical Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Východiska: Endometrióza je gynekologické onemocnění postihující ženy v reprodukčním věku. Hlavním příznakem je bolest, která může mít výrazný dopad na kvalitu života ženy. Cíl: Cílem studie je zhodnotit kvalitu života žen s endometriózou před započetím chirurgické léčby a 3 měsíce po jejím zahájení. Metody: Byla použita kvantitativní metoda s využitím standardizovaného dotazníku Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) v české verzi a numerická škála měření bolesti Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Pilotní výzkum se týkal 10 pacientek s endometriózou, které byly indikovány k chirurgické léčbě pomocí laparoskopie. Dotazník respondentky vyplnily před započetím léčby a následně 3 měsíce po jejím zahájení. Data byla zpracována v souladu s doporučeným postupem k dotazníku EHP-30. Ze statistických metod byl použit Wilcoxonův test a McNemarův test. Výsledky a diskuze: Z výzkumného šetření vyplývá, že 3 měsíce po operaci došlo ke snížení skóre v doménách „bolest“, „kontrola a bezmoc“ a „emocionální pohoda“ ve srovnání s hodnocením před operací. V rámci hodnocení intenzity bolesti předoperačně a pooperačně došlo ke snížení bolesti při menstruaci, během menstruace a při defekaci. Závěr: Chirurgická léčba endometriózy zlepšuje kvalitu života v několika oblastech hodnocených dotazníkem EHP-30 a jejím zásadním důsledkem je také snížení bolestí.
Background: Endometriosis is a gynaecological disease affecting women of reproductive age. The main symptom is pain, which can have a significant impact on a woman's quality of life. Aim: The aim of study is to evaluate the quality of life of women with endometriosis before and 3 months after the start of surgical treatment. Methods: A quantitative method was used using the standardized Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) questionnaire in the Czech version and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. The pilot study involved 10 patients with endometriosis who were referred for surgical treatment (using laparoscopy). The questionnaire was completed by the respondents before the start of treatment and then 3 months after the start of treatment. The data were processed according to the recommended procedure for the EHP-30 questionnaire. The statistical methods used were Wilcoxon test and McNemar test.Results and Discussion: The results showed that 3 months after surgery, scores in the domains of pain, control and helplessness, and emotional well-being were reduced compared with the preoperative scores. There was a reduction in pain intensity scores preoperatively and postoperatively for menstruation, during menstruation, and defecation. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of endometriosis improves quality of life in several domains assessed by the EHP-30 questionnaire, and a major consequence is a reduction in pain.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Endometriosis * surgery diagnosis classification psychology MeSH
- Quality of Life MeSH
- Laparoscopy methods psychology MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Clinical Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Cíl: Zjistit kvalitu života žen trpících endometriózou před započetím léčby a 3 měsíce po jejím zahájení. Soubor a metodika: Třicet osm pacientek, z nichž 26 podstoupilo chirurgickou léčbu, 6 pouze farmakologickou a 6 chirurgickou i farmakologickou léčbu. Pro hodnocení kvality života byl použit dotazník Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) v české verzi a numerická škála měření bolesti (NRS – Numeric Rating Scale). Dotazník byl ženám předkládán před zahájením léčby a následně za 3 měsíce. Výsledky a diskuze: Při porovnání kvality života dotazníkem EHP-30 bylo za 3 měsíce po zahájení léčby zjištěno signifikantně lepší hodnocení kvality života ve všech doménách kromě domény „neplodnost“. Statisticky významné zlepšení bylo zaznamenáno v doménách „kontrola a bezmoc“, „emocionální pohoda“ a „bolest“ (p < 0,0001). Hodnocení bolesti pomocí NRS ukázalo subjektivní zlepšení bolesti při menstruaci, mimo menstruaci, při pohlavním styku, při mikci i při defekaci. Ke statisticky významnému zlepšení došlo u bolesti při menstruaci a mimo menstruaci (p < 0,0001). Závěr: Léčba endometriózy zlepšuje kvalitu života a vede také k subjektivnímu snížení intenzity bolesti jako jednoho z hlavních příznaků.
Aim: To investigate the quality of life of women with endometriosis before treatment and 3 months after the start of surgical and/or conservative treatment. Sample and methodology: The sample comprised of 38 patients, of whom 26 underwent surgical treatment, 6 had pharmacological treatment, and 6 had both surgical and pharmacological treatment. The Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) questionnaire in the Czech version and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were used to assess quality of life. The questionnaires were completed before treatment and 3 months into the treatment. Results and discussion: When comparing quality of life with the EHP-30 questionnaire, 3 months after the start of treatment, significantly better quality of life scores were found in all domains except the domain “Infertility.” Statistically significant improvement was observed in the domains of “Control and powerlessness,” “Emotional well-being,” and “Pain” (P < 0.0001). Pain assessment using NRS showed subjective improvement in pain during menstruation, outside menstruation, during intercourse, micturition, and defecation. Statistically significant improvement was reported in pain during menstruation and outside menstruation (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Treatment of endometriosis improves the quality of life and also leads to a subjective reduction of pain intensity as one of the main symptoms of the disease.
BACKGROUND: The Indian Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in 2014 with the goal to make India open defecation (OD) free by October 2019. Although it is known that the ambitious goal was not achieved, the nature of the sanitation change brought about by the SBM in different parts of India is poorly understood. One reason is a dearth of case studies that would shed light on the performance of the SBM simultaneously across its different domains. This article provides an example of such study. Employing a Process, Outcomes, Context approach, the objective is to understand the process and outcomes of the SBM-induced sanitation change in a specific context of rural Jharkhand. METHODS: The study utilizes data collected through field research conducted in the rural areas of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, a state in east-central India. This data was obtained via repeated cross-sectional household surveys conducted at the beginning and at the end of the SBM, supplemented by key informant interviews with SBM stakeholders. FINDINGS: We identified political support of SBM implementation and its acceptance amongst the population. Female community workers became key agents of SBM implementation at local level. The SBM increased toilet coverage in the study area from 15% to 85% and lowered the OD rate from 93% to 26%. It substantially reduced structural inequalities in access to toilets, furthered social sanitation norms, improved some of the attitudes towards toilet use, but impacted less on hygiene and sanitation knowledge. The implementation mainly concentrated on the construction of subsidized toilets but less on improving public understanding of safe sanitation practices. CONCLUSIONS: Although the SBM reduced sanitation inequalities in access to toilets in the study area, the behaviour change component was underplayed, focusing more on spreading normative sanitation messages and less on public education. Sustainability of the observed sanitation change remains a key question for the future. This article calls for more systematic production of geographically situated knowledge on the performance of sanitation interventions.
- MeSH
- Asian People * MeSH
- Aspirations, Psychological MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Sanitation * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- India MeSH
Cíl: Vliv protokolu zrychlené zotavení po operaci (ERAS) na pooperační výsledky po urogynekologické operaci zatím zůstává předmětem zkoumání. Tato studie se snažila zhodnotit toto téma srovnáním pacientů, kteří měli konvenční nebo ERAS – řízenou perioperační péči, a to u několika klinických endpointů vč. chůze, délky pobytu v nemocnici (LOS), opětovné hospitalizace a pooperačních komplikací. Materiál a metody: Celkem 121 pacientů podstupujících operaci z důvodu prolapsu pánevního orgánu bylo rozděleno do dvou větví studie – protokol ERAS (skupina E) a konvenční péče (skupina C). Mezi skupinami byly porovnány proměnné zahrnující obnovení chuti k jídlu, vyprazdňování, krvácivé příhody, další komplikace, LOS a opětovné hospitalizaci. Výsledky: Pacienti skupiny C dostávali významně intenzivněji intravenózní tekutinovou léčbu ve srovnání se skupinou E (2 760 ± 656 vs. 1 045 ± 218 ml, p < 0,001). Doba potřebná k prvnímu flatusu, první defekaci, požití pevné stravy a chůzi (p < 0,001) byla také delší u první skupiny pacientů. Při použití protokolu ERAS byla významně snížena délka pobytu v nemocnici (2,5 ± 1,1 vs. 2,0 ± 0,6 dne, p < 0,001). Na druhou stranu se obě skupiny ukázaly jako srovnatelné co se týče pooperačních komplikací, včetně infekcí v místě provedení chirurgického výkonu, kardiovaskulárních komplikací, nespecifických bolestí břicha, subileu, krevních ztrát a míry opětovné hospitalizace. Závěr: V námi zkoumané populaci vedl protokol ERAS k časnému zahájení perorálního příjmu, časnému obnovení funkce střev, časné mobilizaci a dřívějšímu propuštění pacientů bez snížení bezpečnosti po urogynekologické operaci.
Objective: The impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol on postoperative outcomes after urogynecological surgery is yet to be a matter of investigation. This study sought to evaluate this issue by comparing the patients who had conventional or ERAS--guided perioperative care for several clinical end-points including ambulation, length of hospital stay (LOS), readmissions, and postoperative complications. Materials and methods: A total of 121 patients undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery were allocated to two study arms, ERAS protocol (Group E) or conventional care (Group C). Variables reflecting the restoration of appetite and bowel movements, bleeding events, other complications, LOS and readmissions were compared between the groups. Results: The patients in Group C significantly received a more intensive intravenous fluid treatment compared to Group E (2,760 ± 656 vs. 1,045 ± 218 mL, P < 0.001). Time required for first flatus, first defecation, eating solid food, and ambulation (P < 0.001) were also longer in the former group of patients. Moreover, LOS was significantly reduced when the ERAS protocol was applied (2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6 days, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the two groups were similar with respect to the frequency of the postoperative complications, including surgical site infections, cardiovascular complications, non-specific abdominal pain, sub-ileus, blood loss and readmission rate. Conclusion: In our sample population, ERAS protocol led to early initiation of oral intake, early recovery of bowel function, early mobilization, and early discharge of patients without compromise in safety concerns after urogynecological surgery.
Diarrhoea is a common clinical condition; its pathogenesis is strongly associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Limonitum is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that exerts appreciable benefits regarding the amelioration of diarrhoea. However, the mechanism through which Limonitum ameliorates diarrhoea remains unclear. Here, the efficacy and underlying mechanism of Limonitum decoction (LD) regarding diarrhoea were explored from the aspect of gut microbiota. Castor oil (CO) was used to induce diarrhoea in mice, which were then used to evaluate the effects of LD regarding the timing of the first defecation, diarrhoea stool rate, degree of diarrhoea, diarrhoea score, intestinal propulsive rate, and weight of intestinal contents. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric and valeric acids, were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota under exposure to LD. LD was found to effectively ameliorate the symptoms of diarrhoea, and the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota were restored to normal levels following LD treatment. Additionally, LD significantly restored the observed reductions in SCFAs. These results provide strong evidence that LD can sufficiently ameliorate diarrhoea in mice by regulating their gut microbiota. The findings presented here highlight that Limonitum may constitute a prospective remedy for diarrhoea.
- MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Diarrhea MeSH
- Castor Oil MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Úvod: Nevyhnutelným důsledkem totální pankreatektomie (TPE) je exokrinní pankreatická insuficience (EPI). Doporučení k enzymatické suplementaci po TPE neexistují. Cílem analýzy bylo zjistit stav substituce EPI u nemocných po TPE v delším odstupu od operace. Metody: Retrospektivní analýza souboru žijících nemocných nejméně 2 roky po TPE byla provedena prostřednictvím dotazníkového šetření – body mass index (BMI) před operací, 3 měsíce po operaci a v době získávání dat (2022), aktuální počet stolic/den, charakter substituce – denní dávka, denní schéma a subjektivní pocit spokojenosti s aktuálním stavem. Výsledky: Celkem 26 žijících nemocných po TPE s mediánem sledování 56 měsíců (30–157) poskytlo data. Maligní diagnóza byla histologicky potvrzena u 69 % pacientů, u zbývajících se jednalo o benigní tumor, avšak s podezřením na maligní proces. Byl zjištěn pokles BMI 3 měsíce po TPE z mediánu 27,4 (19,1–41,1) na 24,1 (19,8–33,7), přičemž 30–157 měsíců po TPE byl medián BMI 25,5 (21,2–34,5). Počet stolic/den byl průměrně 2,2 (medián 2, rozmezí 1–8) v době dotazu, denní dávka substituce průměrně 182 000 j. lipáz (medián 175 000 j. a rozmezí 0–250 000 j.). Subjektivní spokojenost vyjádřilo 85 %, nespokojenost i přes maximální substituci EPI pak 15 % dotázaných. Závěr: Krátce po TPE dochází k poklesu BMI. V dlouhodobém odstupu až u 80 % nemocných po TPE dosáhl BMI hodnoty výchozí ±10 %. Po TPE je 15 % nemocných díky přetrvávající steatoree a častým stolicím i přes substituci pankreatickými enzymy s výsledným stavem subjektivně nespokojeno, 85 % nemocných pak ani častější stolice nevnímají dyskomfortně a se stavem jsou spokojeni. Potřeba individualizace v terapii EPI po TPE je zřejmá.
Introduction: Total pancreatectomy (TPE) inevitably leads to absolute exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). No specific recommendations are available for enzyme replacement in such cases. The aim of our analysis was to explore the actual EPI replacement rates among patients following TPE after a certain period of time from the surgery. Methods: This retrospective analysis of living patients who had undergone TPE more than 2 years ago was done using a simple questionnaire to investigate the following: BMI prior to TPE, 3 months after TPE and at the time of data collection (in 2022), together with the actual number of daily bowel movements; and the replacement characteristics – the daily dose, its scheme and subjective satisfaction evaluation. Results: In total, we obtained data from 26 living patients with the history of TPE with their median follow up of 56 months (30–157). Malignant disease was confirmed in 69% patients based on histology; a benign tumor was present in the rest, although malignancy had been suspected preoperatively. Median BMI decreased from preoperative 27.4 (19.1–41.1) to 24.1 (19.8–33.7) 3 months following TPE, and median BMI value of 25.5 (21.2–34.5) was established at 30–157 months from TPE. The mean number of daily bowel movements was 2.2 (median 2, range 1–8) and the mean daily replacement dose was 182,000 units of lipase (median 175,000 u., range 0–250,000 u.) at the time of our investigation. Subjective satisfaction was reported by 85% responders and a lack of satisfaction despite maximum EPI replacement was expressed by 15% responders. Conclusion: BMI decreased shortly after TPE. In the long term, up to 80% of the patients achieved preoperative BMI values ±10% after TPE. Due to persistent steatorrhea and more frequent bowel movements despite enzyme replacement, 15% of the patients remained subjectively dissatisfied after TPE, but 85% of the patients did not perceive even more frequent bowel movements as unpleasant and were satisfied with their condition. The need of individualized enzyme replacement therapy of EPI following TPE is evident.
Background: Massilia virus (MASV) is a phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus in various regions of southwestern Europe. It is closely related to human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Naples virus. The natural cycle of phleboviruses is poorly understood. Indeed, experimental studies demonstrate that transovarial and sexual transmission are not efficient enough for the maintenance of the virus in nature and to date there is no convincing evidence that a species of vertebrates is the reservoir of the virus. Here, we studied various transmission routes of MASV taking advantage of experimental colonies representing different species of sand flies. Methodology/Principal findings: In P. perniciosus, four sources of infection were compared: (i) Virus-seeded larval food to the first instar larvae (L1), or (ii) to the fourth instar larvae (L4), (iii) virus-seeded blood meal to adult females, and (iv) virus-seeded sugar meal to adults of both sexes. From 875 adults emerged from infected L1 and L4, only three were positive. In females infected by bloodmeal the infection rate was high before defecation, then it decreased drastically; MASV RNA was detected in only 5 out of 27 post-defecation. Surprisingly, the most efficient route of infection was observed after intake of virus-seeded sugar meal: 72% of females (79/110) and 52% of males (51/99) were found to be MASV RNA-positive. In addition, MASV-infected sandflies regurgitated virus particules into the sugar drop and MASV RNA was detectable in this drop for at least 24 h after regurgitation. MASV RNA was detected in about one third of the P. perniciosus exposed to this sugar drop contaminated by regurgitation. Sugar meal infection was also tested with six other species of sand flies. In males, there were no significant differences in infection rates when compared to P. perniciosus. In females, most species tested showed high infection rate at the beginning but then significant gradual decrease in infection rate during the experiment. Conclusions/Significance: We present the first description of arboviral infection of a dipteran vector using sugar meal. In all seven sand fly species tested, MASV was detected for two weeks post-infection. Our results showed that MASV can be transmitted between P. perniciosus either through co-feeding or via an infected sugar source such as plant sap. These newly described routes of horizontal transmission may play an important role in the circulation of phleboviruses in nature.
- MeSH
- Sugars MeSH
- Fomites virology MeSH
- Insect Vectors physiology virology MeSH
- Phlebotomus Fever transmission MeSH
- Meals MeSH
- Food Contamination * MeSH
- Phlebovirus growth & development isolation & purification MeSH
- Psychodidae physiology virology MeSH
- Feeding Behavior * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic variables for adult equids and foals with tetanus. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective study (2000-2014). SETTING: Twenty Western, Northern, and Central European university teaching hospitals and private referral centers. ANIMALS: One hundred fifty-five adult equids and 21 foals with tetanus. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Variables from history and clinical examination were statistically compared between survivors and nonsurvivors (adults: 49 survivors, 85 nonsurvivors; foals: 7 survivors, 10 nonsurvivors). Cases euthanized for financial reasons were excluded. Mortality rates in adults and foals were 68.4% and 66.7%, respectively. Variables associated with survival in adults included: standing, normal intestinal sounds and defecation, voluntarily drinking, eating soft or normal food, lower heart and respiratory rates, high base excess on admission, longer diagnosis time, treatment and hospitalization delay, and mild severity grade. Variables associated with death included: anorexia, dysphagia, dyspnea, low blood potassium concentration on admission, moderate and severe disease grading, development of dysphagia, dyspnea, recumbency and seizures during hospitalization, treatment with glycerol guaiacolate, intravenous fluids, and intravenous glucose solutions. Variables associated with survival in foals included standing on admission, voluntarily eating soft food and drinking, older age, and longer hospitalization delay. Outcome was not different between different tetanus antitoxin (TAT) dosages, although there was a trend of increasing survival rate with increasing TAT dosages. Cases with appropriate vaccination prior to development of tetanus were rare, but had improved outcome and shorter hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis for equine tetanus is poor with similar outcome and prognostic factors in foals and adults. The prognostic assessment of cases with tetanus provides clinicians with new evidence-based information related to patient management. Several prognostic indicators relate to the ability to eat or drink, and more severe clinical signs relate to poor outcome. Increasing intravenous dosages of TAT has no significant effect on outcome, but the positive trend identified may support a recommendation for high intravenous TAT dosages. Further evaluation is warranted.
- MeSH
- Horses MeSH
- Survival Rate MeSH
- Horse Diseases blood epidemiology pathology MeSH
- Animals, Newborn MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Tetanus epidemiology pathology veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe epidemiology MeSH
