Molecular target identification
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Methods in molecular biology, ISSN 1064-3745 vol 823
xiii, 447 s. : il. ; 27 cm
- MeSH
- molekulární biologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- laboratorní příručky MeSH
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
- NLK Obory
- biologie
Metody molekulární genetiky nabízejí možnost rychlé a citlivé detekce a identifikace houbových patogenů. Používané diagnostické metody jsou založeny převážně na PCR. Vzhledem k tomu, že houby jsou takřka všudypřítomné, je třeba zabránit kontaminaci v průběhu celého procesu od odběru vzorku až po laboratorní analýzy. Molekulárně genetické metody diagnostiky nepatří mezi kritéria EORTC/MSG pro stanovení diagnózy mykotických onemocnění, protože stále chybí mezilaboratorní standardizace těchto metod. Dalším důvodem je používání různých cílových genů pro PCR. Pro druhovou identifikaci se doporučuje používat variabilní sekvence mezerníků (ITS) v genech pro rRNA. Určování hub pomocí sekvenování DNA s sebou nese jistá úskalí a interpretace výsledků může být v některých případech problematická. Sekvence DNA se vyhledávají a porovnávají v internetových databázích, z nichž nejznámější je GenBank. Spolehlivější data pro identifikaci hub však poskytují specializované mykologické databáze.
Methods of molecular genetics offer rapid and sensitive detection and identification of fungal pathogens. The currently used metlethods are based mainly on PCR. With regard to the ubiquitous presence of fungi, it is important to prevent contamination during the whole process, from sampling to laboratory analyses. Molecular genetic methods are not included among the EORTC/MSG criteria used for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases since interlaboratory standardization is still missing. Another reason is the use of different target genes for PCR ITS sequences from rDNA clusters are recommended for DNA barcoding of fungi. The use of DNA sequencing for identification of fungi in chnical samples has certain limitations and interpretation of results could be problematic in some cases. DNA sequences are searched and compared in public databases on the Internet, the best known of them being the GenBank. However, more reliable data for identification of fungi are offered by specialized mycological databases.
- Klíčová slova
- diagnostika, barcoding, databáze sekvencí,
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky molekulární MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- houby genetika klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární biologie MeSH
- mykózy diagnóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of Wolbachia bacteria in natural population of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) in Turkey, and to exhibit the molecular characterization and the phylogenetic reconstruction at the positive isolates with other species in GenBank, based on 16S rDNA sequences. One hundred twenty-four flea samples belonging to the species Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, and Pulex irritans were collected from animal shelters in Kayseri between January and August 2017. All flea species were individually screened for the presence of Wolbachia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. According to PCR analyses, Wolbachia spp. were found prevalent in C. canis and P. irritans fleas, while it was not detected in the C. felis species. Totally, 20 isolates were purified from agarose gel and sequenced with the same primers for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses. The sequence analyses revealed 17 polymorphic sites and 2 genetically different Wolbachia isolates, representing two different haplotypes in two flea species. The distribution patterns, molecular characterization, and phylogenetic status of Wolbachia spp. of fleas in Turkey are presented for the first time with this study. Understanding of the role of Wolbachia in vector biology may provide information for developing Wolbachia-based biological control tools.
- MeSH
- bakteriální geny genetika MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genom bakteriální genetika MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- infestace blechami epidemiologie parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Siphonaptera mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Wolbachia klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Turecko MeSH
V laboratořích klinické mikrobiologie jsou stále častěji využívány molekulárně genetické metody (MGM), a to nejen ke správné identifikaci izolovaného původce onemocnění, ale také k jeho přímé, časné detekci v klinickém materiálu. Také v dermatomykologii MGM vhodně doplňují a někdy dokonce nahrazují klasické, časově a odborně náročné diagnostické postupy, založené zejména na přímé mikroskopii a kultivaci. Výhodou MGM je především vysoká citlivost a rychlost detekce agens, které je možné prokázat v řádu několika hodin až dnů. To může napomoci časnému zahájení cílené léčby, nebo naopak zabránit zbytečnému zatěžování pacienta antimykotiky. MGM určené pro přímou detekci mikromycet nám však i přes značný pokrok stále nezaručují jejich přesnou identifikaci. K tomuto účelu je stále třeba patogen nejprve izolovat, poté je možné využít některých dalších MGM k jeho určení. Cílem tohoto přehledového článku je shrnout možnosti využití MGM pro přímou detekci dermatofytů z klinických vzorků, dále pro identifikaci druhů a typizaci kmenů. Klíčová slova: molekulárně genetické metody – dermatofyty – dermatomykózy – detekce – identifikace – typizace
The molecular genetic methods (MGM) are used frequently in clinical microbiology to identify the agent of infection and also to its early direct detection in clinical specimens. In dermatomycology MGM supply or even substitute the classic time consuming and sophisticated diagnostic methods based on direct microscopy and cultivation. The high sensitivity and rapid agent detection available in few hours or days is an advantage of MGM that enables to start the early targeted therapy or to avoid an unnecessary antifungal treatment. However MGM designated to direct micromycetes detection does not guarantee their precise diagnostics which still requires the pathogen isolation before MGM are used to its identification. Article reviews the possibilities of MGM use in direct dermatophytes detection from clinical specimens and in species and strains identification. Key words: molecular genetic methods – dermatophytes – mycosis – detection – identification – typization
- Klíčová slova
- dermatofyty,
- MeSH
- dermatomykózy * diagnóza MeSH
- DNA fingerprinting * metody MeSH
- DNA fungální MeSH
- DNA primery diagnostické užití MeSH
- houby * genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Microsporum genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice genetika MeSH
- molekulární typizace metody MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- mykologické určovací techniky metody MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce * metody MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA * MeSH
- Trichophyton genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Like physics in the 19th century, biology and molecular biology in particular, has been fertilized and enhanced like few other scientific fields, by the incorporation of mathematical methods. In the last decades, a whole new scientific field, bioinformatics, has developed with an output of over 30,000 papers a year (Pubmed search using the keyword "bioinformatics"). Huge databases of mass throughput data have been established, with ArrayExpress alone containing more than 2.7 million assays (October 2019). Computational methods have become indispensable tools in molecular biology, particularly in one of the most challenging areas of cancer research, multidrug resistance (MDR). However, confronted with a plethora of different algorithms, approaches, and methods, the average researcher faces key questions: Which methods do exist? Which methods can be used to tackle the aims of a given study? Or, more generally, how do I use computational biology/bioinformatics to bolster my research? The current review is aimed at providing guidance to existing methods with relevance to MDR research. In particular, we provide an overview on: a) the identification of potential biomarkers using expression data; b) the prediction of treatment response by machine learning methods; c) the employment of network approaches to identify gene/protein regulatory networks and potential key players; d) the identification of drug-target interactions; e) the use of bipartite networks to identify multidrug targets; f) the identification of cellular subpopulations with the MDR phenotype; and, finally, g) the use of molecular modeling methods to guide and enhance drug discovery. This review shall serve as a guide through some of the basic concepts useful in MDR research. It shall give the reader some ideas about the possibilities in MDR research by using computational tools, and, finally, it shall provide a short overview of relevant literature.
- MeSH
- chemorezistence účinky léků MeSH
- lékové transportní systémy metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetná léková rezistence účinky léků MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- protinádorové látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- výpočetní biologie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
- MeSH
- antiprotozoální látky farmakologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- fylogeografie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie MeSH
- Leishmania klasifikace účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- leishmanióza klasifikace farmakoterapie epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární typizace přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- protozoální DNA genetika MeSH
- protozoální proteiny genetika MeSH
- Psychodidae parazitologie MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysteroids control postembryonic development in insects. They serve as valuable targets for pest management. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of their action is of crucial importance. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a universal transcriptional co-regulator. It controls the expression of several genes including those from hormone signaling pathways through co-activation of many transcription factors. However, the role of CBP during postembryonic development in insects is not well understood. Therefore, we have studied the role of CBP in postembryonic development in Tribolium, a model coleopteran insect. RESULTS: CBP is ubiquitously expressed in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of CBP resulted in a decrease in JH induction of Kr-h1 gene expression in Tribolium larvae and led to a block in their development. Moreover, the injection of CBP double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) showed lethal phenotypes within 8 days of injection. RNA-seq and subsequent differential gene expression analysis identified CBP target genes in Tribolium. Knockdown of CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 1306 genes coding for transcription factors and other proteins associated with growth and development. Depletion of CBP impaired the expression of several JH response genes (e.g., Kr-h1, Hairy, early trypsin) and ecdysone response genes (EcR, E74, E75, and broad complex). Further, GO enrichment analyses of the downregulated genes showed enrichment in different functions including developmental processes, pigmentation, anatomical structure development, regulation of biological and cellular processes, etc. CONCLUSION: These data suggest diverse but crucial roles for CBP during postembryonic development in the coleopteran model insect, Tribolium. It can serve as a target for RNAi mediated pest management of this stored product pest.
- MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny antagonisté a inhibitory genetika metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- juvenilní hormony farmakologie MeSH
- larva genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protein vázající CREB antagonisté a inhibitory genetika metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- RNA interference MeSH
- Tribolium genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
It was shown recently (Calvez et al. 2007) that glpQ and pde genes are involved in intermediate resistance of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 to DvnV41, a class IIa bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium divergens V41. The listerial orthologs of lpQ and pde genes might be lmo0052 and lmo1292 genes, respectively. Here, the role of lmo0052 and lmo1292 genes in resistance of Listeria monocytogenes EGDe to DvnV41 and MesY105 was investigated. L. monocytogenes EGDe was inactivated in lmo0052 and/or lmo1292 by homologous recombination. Listerial mutant strain EGDSC02 (inactivated in the putative glpQ gene), was slightly resistant to DvnV41. The listerial mutant strain EGDSC01 (inactivated in the putative pde gene) remained, as the wild-type strain, sensitive to DvnV41, but was affected in growth parameters.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika účinky léků MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza farmakologie MeSH
- fosfodiesterasy genetika účinky léků MeSH
- Listeria monocytogenes genetika růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mutace MeSH
N-terminal P23H opsin mutation accounts for most of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) cases. P23H functions and folding can be rescued by small chaperone ligands, which contributes to validate mutant opsin as a suitable target for pharmacological treatment of RP. However, the lack of structural details on P23H mutant opsin strongly impairs drug design, and new chemotypes of effective chaperones of P23H opsin are in high demand. Here, a computational-boosted workflow combining homology modeling with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and virtual screening was used to select putative P23H opsin chaperones among different libraries through a structure-based approach. In vitro studies corroborated the reliability of the structural model generated in this work and identified a number of novel chemotypes of safe and effective chaperones able to promote P23H opsin trafficking to the outer cell membrane.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární chaperony genetika metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- opsiny * genetika MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- retinopathia pigmentosa * farmakoterapie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- tyčinkové opsiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH