Nuclear behaviour
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Proceedings series
519 s.
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- zemědělství a potravinářství
- toxikologie
Proceedings series
749 s. : il.
Obranné chování je u vyšších živočichů řízeno nervovým systémem. Při detekci nebezpečí se u savců včetně člověka aktivují velmi podobné struktury a mechanismy, které zajišťují fyziologické odpovědi v mozku i v těle. Člověk v situacích ohrožení je navíc schopen popsat doprovázející pocit, např. strach nebo úzkost. Někdy jsou však výše jmenované pocity nepřiměřeně silné nebo neodpovídající dané situaci. Takové stavy řadíme do skupiny onemocnění označovaných jako úzkostné poruchy. Je prokázáno, že při vzniku některých z nich hrají významnou roli mozkové struktury, které se aktivují při detekci nebezpečí. Porozumění neurofyziologickým mechanismům obranného chování může být proto v této souvislosti užitečné pro klinickou praxi.
Defence behaviour in higher animals is orchestrated by nervous system. In mammals including humans, detection of threat activates very similar structures and mechanisms providing physiological responses of the brain and body. Human beings are moreover able to describe accompanying feelings, e.g. fear or anxiety. In anxiety disorders, however, these feelings are exaggerated or inadequate for a given situation. Results of recent studies bring the evidence that at least in some anxiety disorders brain structures activated by threat play an important role. In this context, the understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms of defence behaviour seems to be beneficial for clinical use.
- Klíčová slova
- mozkový systém obrany, obranná odpověď, pocity,
- MeSH
- amygdala fyziologie MeSH
- chování a mechanismy chování * fyziologie MeSH
- emoce fyziologie MeSH
- extinkce (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus fyziologie MeSH
- hormony fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurotransmiterové látky fyziologie MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- podmiňování (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- spánkový lalok fyziologie MeSH
- strach * fyziologie MeSH
- substantia grisea centralis fyziologie MeSH
- úzkost * patofyziologie MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Expression of the nuclear steroid hormone receptors (SHR) within certain parts of the human brain has been described by many authors. However, a comprehensive analysis of SHR expression in the human brain still has not been performed. AIM: To investigate the expression of SHR in different anatomical areas of the brain, especially within the neocortex. METHOD: Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and androgen receptors (AR) in different regions of the human brain was examined. RESULTS: Nuclear expression of the AR was found in the mamillary body, praecentral gyrus and hippocampus of males. The same expression in analysed structures of female was not found. The expression of ER and PR was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis revealed unexpected localization of SHR within the brain cortex, which could be the first step to the explanation of SHR action in brain as an interrelationship to function and behaviour. These results indicate on the possibility of SHR detection in post-mortal brain.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- receptory cytoplazmatické a nukleární metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- steroidní receptory metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Intracellular and extracellular mechanical forces play a crucial role during tissue growth, modulating nuclear shape and function and resulting in complex collective cell behaviour. However, the mechanistic understanding of how the orientation, shape, symmetry and homogeneity of cells are affected by environmental geometry is still lacking. Here we investigate cooperative cell behaviour and patterns under geometric constraints created by topographically patterned substrates. We show how cells cooperatively adopt their geometry, shape, positioning of the nucleus and subsequent proliferation activity. Our findings indicate that geometric constraints induce significant squeezing of cells and nuclei, cytoskeleton reorganization, drastic condensation of chromatin resulting in a change in the cell proliferation rate and the anisotropic growth of cultures. Altogether, this work not only demonstrates complex non-trivial collective cellular responses to geometrical constraints but also provides a tentative explanation of the observed cell culture patterns grown on different topographically patterned substrates. These findings provide important fundamental knowledge, which could serve as a basis for better controlled tissue growth and cell-engineering applications.
- MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- buněčné jádro fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- buněčný převod mechanických signálů fyziologie MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace fyziologie MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- proliferace buněk fyziologie MeSH
- velikost buňky * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAAG) is a dipeptide that could be considered a sequestered form of L-glutamate. As much as 25% of L-glutamate in brain may be present in the form of NAAG. NAAG is also one of the most abundant neuroactive small molecules in the CNS: it is an agonist at Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR II) and, at higher concentrations, at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of ionotropic glutamate receptors. As such, NAAG can be either neuroprotective or neurotoxic and, in fact, both characteristics have been discussed and described in the literature. In the present studies, 250 nmol NAAG was infused into each lateral cerebral ventricle of 12-day-old rat pups and, using Nissl-stained sections, neurodegeneration in the hippocampus was evaluated 24 or 96 h after the infusion. In several experiments, the neuronal death was also visualised by Fluoro-Jade B staining and studied by TUNEL technique. Some of the NAAG-treated animals were allowed to survive until 50 days post partum and subjected to behavioural (open field) tests. The administration of NAAG to 12-day-old rats resulted in extensive death of neurons particularly in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The neurodegeneration was, in part, prevented by administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). The nuclear DNA-fragmentation demonstrated by TUNEL technique pointed to the presence of non-specific single-strand DNA cleavage. The NAAG-associated neonatal neuronal damage may have perturbed development of synaptic circuitry during adolescence as indicated by an altered performance of the experimental animals in the open field testing (changes in grooming activity) at postnatal day 50. The results underscore the potential neurotoxicity of NAAG in neonatal rat brain and implicate neonatally induced, NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal loss in the development of abnormal behaviour in young adult rats.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- dipeptidy aplikace a dávkování fyziologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fragmentace DNA MeSH
- hipokampus patologie růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- injekce intraventrikulární MeSH
- koncové značení zlomů DNA in situ MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci chemicky indukované patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- neurony patologie účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Novartis foundation symposium ; 265
viii, 221 s. : il. ; 24 cm
Whereas scientific evidence is the basis for recommendations and guidance on radiological protection, professional ethics is critically important and should always guide professional behaviour. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established Task Group 109 to advise medical professionals, patients, families, carers, the public, and authorities about the ethical aspects of radiological protection of patients in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radiation in medicine. Occupational exposures and research-related exposures are not within the scope of this task group. Task Group 109 will produce a report that will be available to the different interested parties for consultation before publication. Presently, the report is at the stage of a working document that has benefitted from an international workshop organised on the topic by the World Health Organization. It presents the history of ethics in medicine in ICRP, and explains why this subject is important, and the benefits it can bring to the standard biomedical ethics. As risk is an essential part in decision-making and communication, a summary is included on what is known about the dose-effect relationship, with emphasis on the associated uncertainties. Once this theoretical framework has been presented, the report becomes resolutely more practical. First, it proposes an evaluation method to analyse specific situations from an ethical point of view. This method allows stakeholders to review a set of six ethical values and provides hints on how they could be balanced. Next, various situations (e.g. pregnancy, elderly, paediatric, end of life) are considered in two steps: first within a realistic, ethically challenging scenario on which the evaluation method is applied; and second within a more general context. Scenarios are presented and discussed with attention to specific patient circumstances, and on how and which reflections on ethical values can be of help in the decision-making process. Finally, two important related aspects are considered: how should we communicate with patients, family, and other stakeholders; and how should we incorporate ethics into the education and training of medical professionals?
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezinárodní agentury MeSH
- nukleární lékařství etika MeSH
- radiační expozice prevence a kontrola MeSH
- radiační ochrana normy MeSH
- směrnice jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
