minimal microbiome
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The impact of the microbiome on brain function and behavior has recently become an important research topic. We searched for a link between the gut microbiome and impulsive and violent behavior. We focused on critical factors influencing the microbiome establishment that may affect human health later in life, i.e., delivery mode, early-life feeding, and early antibiotic exposure. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. We included original human studies examining adults and children with impulsive and/or violent behavior that assessed the gut microbiota composition of participants, delivery mode, infant feeding mode, or early antibiotic exposure. Bibliographic searches yielded 429 articles, and 21 met the eligibility criteria. Two studies reported data on patients with schizophrenia with violent behavior, while 19 studies reported data on patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results showed several bacterial taxa associated with ADHD symptomatology and with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. No association was found between delivery mode and impulsive behavior, nor did any articles relate infant feeding mode to violent human behavior. Those studies investigating early antibiotic exposure yielded ambiguous results. The heterogeneity of the data and the different methodologies of the included studies limited the external validity of the results. We found few studies that addressed the possible microbiome involvement in the pathophysiology of impulsive and violent behavior in humans. Our review revealed a gap in knowledge regarding links between the gut microbiome and these extreme behavioral patterns.
- MeSH
- agrese MeSH
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * MeSH
- impulzivní chování MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common pediatric infections worldwide. Recently introduced 16S rRNA sequencing allows detailed identification of bacteria involved in UTI on a species-based level. The urogenital microbiome in children is scarcely investigated, with underlying conditions differing from adults. Improvement in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches can help to minimize unnecessary antibiotic treatments, thereby protecting the physiological microbiome. RECENT FINDINGS: Healthy bladders of children display a distinct microbiome than those of adults. UTI is characterized by changes in bacterial composition, with a high prevalence of Enterobacterales. There is a correlation between bacterial species and the pH of the urine, so a characteristic age-related pathogen pattern can be found due to the acidic urine in infants and more alkaline urine in older children. Recently, new methods were proposed to overcome the suboptimal diagnostic performance of urine cultures and urine dipstick test. This allows precise treatment decisions and helps to prevent chronification of UTI, related voiding dysfunctions and renal scaring, systemic abiosis, and the development of antibiotic resistance. SUMMARY: Uropathogens involved in UTIs in children should be identified with precision to allow targeted therapeutic decisions. This can also help preventing the destruction of the microbiome homeostasis, which could result in a life-long dysbiosis. New treatment approaches and recolonization with probiotics are necessary due to increasing intrinsic antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
- MeSH
- analýza moči MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Ten thousand years ago, the foundation for agricultural development and animal domestication was laid. Neolithic founder crops were carbohydrate-laden cereal grasses that facilitated transformation of hunter-gather societies into ancient civilizations with realistic capabilities for population expansion. In the last 3-4 decades, however, debilitating medical consequences of a progressively narrowed high caloric diet incorporating processed carbohydrates, animal protein, saturated fat and cholesterol, are translated into a global epidemic of obesity linked to metabolic and endocrine disorders, which, in part, emerged from the enhancement of our longevity. The initiation and progression of pathophysiological processes associated with this restrictive diet may well reside in the gastrointestinal tract. The critical role of human gut microbiome in facilitating normal gut physiology and linkages to other physiological systems points to its significance in comorbid pathologies when its diversity is compromised. Cortical desensitization to the potentially damaging effects of intentionally restricted high carbohydrate diets is progressively enhanced by compromised metabolic activities and widespread pro-inflammatory processes within all organ systems. Our cognitive ability must overcome the desire for comfort foods. The solution is simple: minimize "processed" foods and those of similar commercial origin in our diet, restoring a more diverse gut microbiome. Initially the solution may be costly, however, within the scope of sustained healthy longevity it will "payoff".
- MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita dietoterapie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra fyziologie MeSH
- zdraví trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
The ability of human cells to adapt to space radiation is essential for the well-being of astronauts during long-distance space expeditions, such as voyages to Mars or other deep space destinations. However, the adaptation of the microbiomes should not be overlooked. Microorganisms inside an astronaut's body, or inside the space station or other spacecraft, will also be exposed to radiation, which may induce resistance to antibiotics, UV, heat, desiccation, and other life-threatening factors. Therefore, it is essential to consider the potential effects of radiation not only on humans but also on their microbiomes to develop effective risk reduction strategies for space missions. Studying the human microbiome in space missions can have several potential benefits, including but not limited to a better understanding of the major effects space travel has on human health, developing new technologies for monitoring health and developing new radiation therapies and treatments. While radioadaptive response in astronauts' cells can lead to resistance against high levels of space radiation, radioadaptive response in their microbiome can lead to resistance against UV, heat, desiccation, antibiotics, and radiation. As astronauts and their microbiomes compete to adapt to the space environment. The microorganisms may emerge as the winners, leading to life-threatening situations due to lethal infections. Therefore, understanding the magnitude of the adaptation of microorganisms before launching a space mission is crucial to be able to develop effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with radiation exposure. Ensuring the safety and well-being of astronauts during long-duration space missions and minimizing the risks linked with radiation exposure can be achieved by adopting this approach.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Etiopatogeneze idiopatických střevních zánětů (IBD) není dosud plně objasněna. Jednu z teorií vzniku IBD představuje neadekvátní reakce slizniční imunity na některé složky střevního mikrobiomu. Možným terapeutickým přístupem, jak změnit složení mikrobiomu, a tím potažmo i ovlivnit průběh IBD, je užití fekální mikrobiální transplantace (FMT). FMT je léčebná metoda spočívající v přenosu stolice od zdravého dárce pacientovi, čímž dochází k obnovení mikrobiální homeostázy střeva po různě dlouhou dobu. FMT je vysoce efektivní v léčbě rekurentní klostridiové kolitidy a v této indikaci se jedná o standardní, klinicky využitelnou metodu. V případě IBD se jedná o experimentální metodu užívanou pouze v klinických studiích. V nejnovějším systematickém přehledu FMT je u ulcerózní kolitidy popisován výrazně variabilní efekt FMT v dosažení remise i klinické odpovědi. Recentně byly publikovány dvě randomizované kontrolované studie, které nepřináší jasné důkazy o účinnosti FMT u nemocných s ulcerózní kolitidou. Nicméně studie u ulcerózní kolitidy naznačují příznivý efekt závislý na vhodném výběru dárce s bohatým a dostatečně diverzifikovaným mikrobiomem, na způsobu aplikace a frekvenci FMT. Data u Crohnovy choroby jsou nedostatečná, zdá se však, že FMT má v této indikaci minimální efekt. FMT je bezpečná metoda s minimem nežádoucích účinků při zachování striktních kritérií vyšetření dárců. Dosavadní studie ukazují jen mírný efekt FMT u ulcerózní kolitidy, nicméně se jedná o slibnou a bezpečnou metodu. Bude třeba dalších dobře navržených studií na dostatečném počtu pacientů k objasnění otázek efektivity, míry navození remise, nutného počtu FMT k navození remise, dlouhodobé bezpečnosti a vhodného způsobu podání FMT.
The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet fully understood. One theory proposes that IBD onset is an overreaction of the gut immune system to some parts of the gut microbiome. Thus, one therapeutic approach is to employ a faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) to change the composition of the gut microbiome. FMT involves transplanting fecal matter or stool from a healthy donor to a recipient, leading to the reestablishment of gut microbiome homeostasis for a certain period of time. FMT is a standard, clinical procedure that is highly effective for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile colitis. FMT in IBD is an experimental method used only in clinical trials. Recent studies have shown that FMT has a highly variable effect on disease remission and clinical response. Two randomized control studies providing no compelling evidence for the effectiveness of FMT in patients with ulcerative colitis have been published recently. However, studies of FMT treatment of ulcerative colitis suggest that beneficial effects depend on the donor having a rich and diversified microbiome, method of administration, and the frequency of FMT. Finally, the effectiveness of FMT treatment of Crohn’s disease has not yet been investigated thoroughly; however, the data so far indicate minimal beneficial effects of FMT for Crohn’s disease patients. To sum up, FMT is a safe method with minimum adverse effects when the donor is carefully selected. Although FMT treatment of ulcerative colitis is only moderately effective, it represents a safe and promising therapeutic approach. However, there is an urgent need for a more thorough investigation of FMT in larger cohorts of patients to clarify the effectiveness, remission induction rate, necessary number of FMT, long term safety, and proper application of FMT. Key words: Crohn’s disease – faecal bacterial transplantation – inflammatory bowel disease – clostridium difficile colitis – microbiome – ulcerative colitis The author declares he has no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE „uniform requirements“ for biomedical papers. Submitted: 15. 1 .2016 Accepted: 29. 1. 2016
- MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- indukce remise MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- klostridiové infekce terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odběr tkání a orgánů MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra MeSH
- transplantace MeSH
- ulcerózní kolitida mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Blastocystis is the most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human and animal gut, yet its role as commensal or parasite is still under debate. Blastocystis has clearly undergone evolutionary adaptation to the gut environment and possesses minimal cellular compartmentalization, reduced anaerobic mitochondria, no flagella, and no reported peroxisomes. To address this poorly understood evolutionary transition, we have taken a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize Proteromonas lacertae, the closest canonical stramenopile relative of Blastocystis. Genomic data reveal an abundance of unique genes in P. lacertae but also reductive evolution of the genomic complement in Blastocystis. Comparative genomic analysis sheds light on flagellar evolution, including 37 new candidate components implicated with mastigonemes, the stramenopile morphological hallmark. The P. lacertae membrane-trafficking system (MTS) complement is only slightly more canonical than that of Blastocystis, but notably, we identified that both organisms encode the complete enigmatic endocytic TSET complex, a first for the entire stramenopile lineage. Investigation also details the modulation of mitochondrial composition and metabolism in both P. lacertae and Blastocystis. Unexpectedly, we identify in P. lacertae the most reduced peroxisome-derived organelle reported to date, which leads us to speculate on a mechanism of constraint guiding the dynamics of peroxisome-mitochondrion reductive evolution on the path to anaerobiosis. Overall, these analyses provide a launching point to investigate organellar evolution and reveal in detail the evolutionary path that Blastocystis has taken from a canonical flagellated protist to the hyper-divergent and hyper-prevalent animal and human gut microbe.
- MeSH
- Blastocystis * genetika MeSH
- Eukaryota MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- organely metabolismus MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
První vydání 261 stran : ilustrace (převážně barevné), portréty ; 24 cm
Microbial colonization on the titanium condenser material (TCM) used in the cooling system leads to biofouling and corrosion and influences the water supply. The primary investigation of the titanium condenser was infrequently studied on characterizing biofilm-forming bacterial communities. Different treatment methods like electropotential charge, ultrasonication, and copper coating of titanium condenser material may influence the microbial population over the surface of the titanium condensers. The present study aimed to catalog the primary colonizers and the effect of different treatment methods on the microbial community. CFU (1.7 × 109 CFU/mL) and ATP count (< 5000 × 10-7 relative luminescence units) showed a minimal microbial population in copper-coated surface biofilm as compared with the other treatments. Live and dead cell result also showed consistency with colony count. The biofilm sample on the copper-coated surface showed an increased dead cell count and decreased live cells. In the metagenomic approach, the microbiome coverage was 10.06 Mb in samples derived from copper-coated TCM than in other treated samples (electropotential charge-17.94 Mb; ultrasonication-20.01 Mb), including control (10.18 Mb). Firmicutes preponderate the communities in the biofilm samples, and Proteobacteria stand next in the population in all the treated condenser materials. At the genus level, Lactobacillaceae and Azospirillaceae dominated the biofilm community. The metagenome data suggested that the attached community is different from those biofilm samples based on the environment that influences the bacterial community. The outcome of the present study depicts that copper coating was effective against biofouling and corrosion resistance of titanium condenser material for designing long-term durability.
Pohyb je základním atributem života. Nepřekvapí tedy, že návrat k pravidelné pohybové aktivitě představuje velmi účinný, a přitom levný prostředek v prevenci a léčbě většiny civilizačních chorob. I proto by měl vhodnou pohybovou aktivitu umět předepsat každý lékař. Minimální množství pohybové aktivity, které má již prokázané účinky v primární prevenci civilizačních onemocnění, je relativně nízké: 150 min pohybové aktivity střední intenzity nebo 75 min pohybové aktivity vysoké intenzity týdně nebo jejich kombinace. Nejjednodušším a velmi bezpečným způsobem pohybové aktivity je chůze (cílem je alespoň 10 000 kroků/den, resp. 6 000 kroků/den navíc nad běžné denní aktivity). Sofistikovanějším způsobem preskripce pohybové aktivity, který již vyžaduje provedení zátěžového vyšetření, je model FITT. Z pohybové aktivity profitují pacienti s rizikovými faktory aterosklerózy i s již manifestní aterosklerózou (pacienti s ischemickou chorobou srdeční, po cévní mozkové příhodě, s ischemickou chorobou dolních končetin), stejně jako pacienti s chronickým srdečním selháním. Pohyb pomáhá i pacientům s onemocněním plic (CHOPN, asthma bronchiale), s metabolickými chorobami (diabetes mellitus, obezita, osteroporóza), s revmatologickými onemocněními. Pravidelná pohybová aktivita zlepšuje kognitivní funkce, snižuje depresivitu a anxietu a pomáhá u osob závislých. V poslední době se ukazuje, že pohyb příznivě mění i střevní mikrobiom. Jedním z mechanizmů, které se podílejí na příznivém účinku pohybu, jsou tzv. faktory cvičení neboli myokiny. Pohybová aktivita, je-li správně dávkována, je levný a univerzální lék s minimem nežádoucích účinků. Navíc je to lék, který si každý nosíme s sebou – taková malá domácí lékárna.
Movement is the basic attribute of life. It is not surprising that the return to regular physical activity is a very effective and cheap means of preventing and treating most non-cummunicable diseases. Therefore, every physician should be able to prescribe a suitable physical activity. The minimum amount of physical activity with proven effects in primary prevention of chronic diseases is relatively low: 150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of high intensity exercise per week or a combination of the two. The simplest and safe way of physical activity is walking (at least 10 000 steps/day or 6 000 steps/day on top of daily activities). The FITT model is a more sophisticated way of prescribing physical activity that already requires a stress test. Patients at risk of atherosclerosis or with any manifestation of atherosclerosis (patients with coronary artery disease, post-stroke, peripheral artery disease) benefit from exercise as well as patients with chronic heart failure. Physical activity also helps patients with lung disease (COPD, asthma), metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis) and also rheumatologic diseases. Regular exercise improves cognitive function, reduces depression and anxiety, and helps addicted people. Recently, it has been shown that exercise also changes the gut microbiome. One of the mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effect of exercise is so-called “exercise factors” – myokines. Physical activity, when properly prescribed, is an inexpensive and universal medication with minimal side effects. It is our “home pharmacy” we always have with us.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc prevence a kontrola MeSH
- cévní mozková příhoda prevence a kontrola MeSH
- deprese prevence a kontrola MeSH
- diabetes mellitus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pohybová aktivita * MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek prevence a kontrola rehabilitace MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra MeSH
- terapie cvičením MeSH
- úzkost prevence a kontrola MeSH
- životní styl * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The gut microbiota is a complex component of humans that depends on diet, host genome, and lifestyle. The background: The study purpose is to find relations between nutrition, intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from various environments (human, animal intestine, and yogurt) and sulfate-reducing microbial communities in the large intestine; to compare kinetic growth parameters of LAB; and to determine their sensitivity to different concentration of hydrogen sulfide produced by intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria. METHODS: Microbiological (isolation and identification), biochemical (electrophoresis), molecular biology methods (DNA isolation and PCR analysis), and statistical processing (average and standard error calculations) of the results were used. THE RESULTS: The toxicity of hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria, the survival of lactic acid bacteria, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. The measured hydrogen sulfide sensitivity values were the same for L. paracasei and L. reuteri (MIC > 1.1 mM). In addition, L. plantarum and L.fermentum showed also a similar sensitivity (MIC > 0.45 mM) but significantly (p < 0.05) lower than L.reuteri and L. paracasei (1.1 > 0.45 mM). L. paracasei and L. reuteri are more sensitive to hydrogen sulfide than L. fermentum and L. plantarum. L. pentosus was sensitive to the extremely low concentration of H2S (MIC > 0.15 mM). CONCLUSIONS: The Lactobacillus species were significantly sensitive to hydrogen sulfide, which is a final metabolite of intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria. The results are definitely helpful for a better understanding of complicated interaction among intestinal microbiota and nutrition.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty mikrobiologie MeSH
- Lactobacillus účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků MeSH
- myši MeSH
- střeva mikrobiologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra účinky léků MeSH
- sulfan metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
