restitution of function
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Spastická paréza je významnou součástí klinického obrazu u většiny získaných poškození mozku. Příspěvek se nejprve věnuje reakci mozku na poškození a spontánním plastickým změnám v centrálním nervovém systému. Dále shrnuje recentní poznatky o rehabilitaci motorických funkcí po získaném poškození mozku v pseudochabém stadiu s důrazem na problematiku parézy, která v tomto stadiu dominuje. Ve druhé části je popsán klinický obraz jednotlivých typů zvýšené svalové aktivity (spasticita, spastická dystonie, flekční a extenční spasmy, spastická ko-kontrakce a spastické synkineze) a jsou definovány cíle rehabilitace ve spastickém stadiu s ohledem na současný stav poznání o možnostech indukce neuroplastických změn centrálního nervového systému. Popsány jsou terapeutické postupy ve vztahu ke třem hlavním příznakům léze horního motoneuronu, tj. svalovému zkrácení, svalové hyperaktivitě a streč-senzitivní paréze, a to včetně konceptu prof. Graciese Dohoda o reedukačním tréninku (Guided Self-rehabilitation Contract), který autoři prakticky využívají.
Spastic paresis is a major symptom in most acquired brain injuries. The paper first discusses reactions of brain to damage and spontaneous neuroplastic changes in central nervous system. It further reviews recent knowledge on the field of rehabilitation of motor functions after acquired brain injury in flaccid stage emphasizing paresis which dominates in this stage. The second part of the paper describes various types of muscle overactivity (spasticity, spastic dystonia, flexor and extensor spasms, spastic co-contraction and spastic synkinesis) and defines the goals of rehabilitation in spastic stage with respect to the current stage of knowledge about induced neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system. Finally therapeutic modalities for the treatment of three major symptoms of upper motor neuron syndrome (i.e. muscle shortening, muscle overactivity and stretch-sensitive paresis) are presented including the concept of Prof. Gracies’ Guided Self-rehabilitation Contract which the authors follow.
- Klíčová slova
- streč-senzitivní paréza, reedukační trénink, spastická ko-kontrakce, svalové zkrácení, dohoda o reedukačním tréninku, Guided Self-rehabilitation Contract,
- MeSH
- biofeedback (psychologie) MeSH
- botulotoxiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- dystonie patofyziologie MeSH
- kontraktura patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- kosterní svaly inervace patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické neurony fyziologie MeSH
- napínací reflex fyziologie MeSH
- neuroplasticita MeSH
- odporový trénink metody MeSH
- paralýza patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- paréza * etiologie patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- pasivní pohybová terapie CPM MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- poranění mozku rehabilitace MeSH
- rehabilitace metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- rozsah kloubních pohybů MeSH
- strečink MeSH
- svalová kontrakce fyziologie MeSH
- svalová síla MeSH
- svalová spasticita * etiologie patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- synkineze patofyziologie MeSH
- techniky fyzikální terapie * mortalita přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- terapie cvičením metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- buněčná membrána fyziologie chemie MeSH
- fyziologie buňky fyziologie MeSH
- iontové kanály fyziologie chemie MeSH
- kardiomyocyty * cytologie fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- obnova funkce * fyziologie MeSH
- počítačová simulace * využití MeSH
- psi MeSH
- srdeční arytmie patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- srdeční elektrofyziologie metody MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Poruchy vizuospaciálních funkcí přestavují významný deficit pacientů s akutním postižením mozku, které v konečném důsledku zřetelně ovlivňují celkovou restituci motorických a kognitivních funkcí a zároveň determinují úspěšnost rehabilitace. V současnosti se vyšetření těchto poruch omezilo na diagnostiku neglect syndromu. Poněkud archaické „pen and paper“ testy a škály jsou schopné identifikovat pouze malé procento postižených. Určitou formu neglect syndromu však můžeme nalézt i u pacientů bez zjevných klinických příznaků. Nemusí se pak jednat o neglect syndrom v pravém slova smyslu, ale spíše o upřednostňování určité části prostoru vůči druhé. K odhalení těchto diskrétních poruch může sloužit technika umožňující monitorování přirozených očních pohybů a sledovacích strategií – tzv. eye tracking. V této studii byl využit přístroj The Eye Tribe. Vyšetření bylo prováděno prostřednictvím interaktivních úkolů zaměřených na prostorové vnímání. Vyhodnocením těchto úkolů jsme určili stranovou preferenci očních pohybů a sledovacích strategií. Uvádíme kazuistické výsledky 3 probandů. A – pacient po CMP s pravostrannou lézí, B – pacient po CMP s levostrannou lézí, C – zdravý proband. Výsledky potvrdily ipsilezionální stranovou preferenci v prostoru u obou vyšetřovaných pacientů (A, B). To potvrzuje hypotézu, že prvky neglect syndromu lze nalézt i u pacientů, u kterých je standardní vyšetření zcela „němé“.
Disorders of visuospatial functions represent an important deficit in patients with acute brain damage, which in the end distinctly influence a general restitution of motor and cognitive functions and simultaneously determine the successfulness of rehabilitation. The examination of these disorders is at the present time limited to diagnosis of the neglect syndrome. Somewhat archaic „pen and paper tests” and scales can identify only a low percentage of the affected individuals. Certain form of the neglect syndrome and be found even in patients without apparent clinical symptoms, though. In need not be the proper neglect syndrome, but rather giving preference a certain part f the space as compared to the other. A technique making possible monitoring of natural visual movements and monitoring strategies, sc eye tracking can help to reveal discrete disorders. The Eye Tribe apparatus ahs been used in this study. The examination was performed by means of interactive tasks oriented to visual perception. The side preference of ocular movements and observation strategies was determined by evaluation of these tasks. Case reports of three probands are described. A – a patient after CMS with dextral lesion, B- a patient after CMS with sinistral lesion, C – a healthy proband. The results confirmed ipsilesional side preference in space in both patients examined (A, B). It con firmed the hypothesis that elements of the neglect syndrome may be found even in patients where a standard examination remains totally “dumb”.
- Klíčová slova
- vizuospaciální funkce, eye tracking,
- MeSH
- cévní mozková příhoda * komplikace MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření pohybů očí * MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- percepční poruchy * diagnóza MeSH
- pohyby očí fyziologie MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- zraková percepce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The term homonymous hemianopia refers to visual impairment due to a post-chiasmatic brain lesion. Mammalian neurons of the central nervous system do not have the ability to regenerate. However, the cerebral cortex shows plasticity in certain cases. Motor or speech disorders due to frontal lobe brain damage can be improved with well-directed rehabilitation techniques. If such plasticity is possible, it raises the question whether specialized training could improve a cortical visual disorder. There is need for simple visual training which could be used in rehabilitation. A few different approaches have been developed to treat patients with hemianopia: (1) substitution including special devices, such as optical prisms; (2) compensation using intact residual abilities - especially training of eye movements; (3) restitution which is based on stimulating the blind hemifield. The third method of rehabilitation is the most controversial; however, it has the largest potential. To support concepts of the targeted rehabilitation outlined here, first: further development of the theory of plasticity in visual pathways is required and second: the efficacy of the rehabilitation procedures has to be demonstrated by clinical evidence. We review methods and approaches of hemianopia rehabilitation and treatment. We also review results of contemporary clinical studies and meta-studies.
The intestinal environment accommodates a wide range of contents ranging from harmless beneficial dietary and microbial flora to harmful pathogenic bacteria. This has resulted in the development of highly adapted epithelial cells lining the intestine. This adaptation involves the potential of crypt cells to proliferate and to constantly replace villous cells that are lost due to maturity or death. As a result, the normal intestinal epithelial integrity and functions are maintained. This phenomenon is eminent in intestinal defense whereby the intestinal epithelial cells serve as a physical barrier against luminal agents. The protection against agents in the gut lumen can only be effective if the epithelium is intact. Restitution of the damaged epithelium is therefore crucial in this type of defense.
- MeSH
- antibióza MeSH
- Bacteria patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Caco-2 buňky MeSH
- epitelové buňky imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- gastrointestinální nemoci mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- probiotika MeSH
- proteiny teplotního šoku metabolismus MeSH
- střeva cytologie imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Cieľ: Cieľom práce je zistiť u koľkých pacientov s pretrvávajúcou poruchou čuchu, prípadne súčasne aj chuti, ktoré sú podmienené infekciou covid-19, sa dá subjektívne vnímanie čuchu a chuti zlepšiť metódou čuchového tréningu. Metodika: Pacienti, ktorí prekonali infekciu covid-19 (prvá a druhá vlna pandémie v rokoch 2020 a 2021) s poruchu čuchu (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, fantosmia) s alebo bez poruchy chuti, a pričom porucha čuchu sa neupravila do jedného mesiaca od vyliečenia, sa prihlásili na webovej stránke www.cuch.sk a požiadali o zaslanie testovacieho setu parfémovaných fixov. Po obdržaní setu sa vyšetrili v domácom prostredí, vyplnili on-line dotazník a zaslali elektronicky na Neurobiologický ústav BMC SAV. U pacientov s potvrdenou hyposmiou a anosmiou nasledovalo ORL vyšetrenie na zmluvných ORL pracoviskách v SR. 117 zaradených pacientov absolvovalo čuchový tréning, 2× denne podľa návodu. Kontrolné vyšetrenie čuchu sa robilo po 3 a 6 mesiacoch tréningu. Stav čuchu a chuti sme hodnotili vstupne aj výstupne podľa vizuálnej analógovej škály (VAS) od 1 do 10. Vstupný stav čuchu dosiahol v priemere 4 podľa VAS, vstupný stav chuti v priemere 2 podľa VAS. Parosmiu malo pri vstupe 28 pacientov, fantosmiu 18, dysgeuziu 20. Výsledky: Zlepšenie čuchu na VAS po čuchovom tréningu sme zaznamenali u 96 pacientov, čo je 73 % zo súboru 117 pacientov s hyposmiou a anosmiou. Výstupný stav čuchu dosiahol po 6 mesiadoch čuchového tréningu úroveň 8 podľa VAS. Zlepšenie chuti sme zaznamenali u 47 čo je 65 % zo súboru 72 pacientov s hypogeuziou a dysgeuziou. Výstupný stav chuti dosiahol po 6 mesiacoch čuchového tréningu úroveň 4 podľa VAS. Pretrvávanie rôznej formy dysgeuzie, parosmie či fantosmie po liečbe bolo u 18 pacientov. Záver: Čuchový (olfaktórny) tréning je v súčasnosti najdôležitejšia rehabilitačná pomôcka pre zlepšenie narušenej čuchovej funkcie po prekonanej infekcii covid-19. Lepšie subjektívne výsledky po 6-mesačnom čuchovom tréningu sa pozorovali pri reštitúcii kvantitatívnej poruchy čuchu, než pri reštitúcii kvantitatívnej poruchy chuti.
Objective: The aim of this study is to find out how many patients with an ongoing smell and taste disorder after COVID-19 infection, can improve the subjective perception of smell by olfactory training method. Methods: Patients after COVID-19 (first and second wave of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021) with persisting smell disorder (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, fantosmia) with or without taste disorder and while the olfactory disorder did not improve within one month afterrecovery, signed up on the website www.cuch.sk and asked for a testing set (perfumed felt-tip pens) to be sent. After a self-examination at home, each respondent filled out an on-line questionnaire and sent it to the Neurobiological Institute of the BMC SAV. Patient with confirmed hypo and anosmia underwent an ENT examination at contracted ENT workplaces in Slovakia. All the 117 patients included got through the olfactory training, twice a day, following the instructions. The control examination was performed after three and six months of smell training. Smell and taste status was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) from 1 to 10 in admission and discharge of the study. According to VAS, the average entering olfactory status was 4 and the average taste status reached an average of 2. At admission, 28 patients entering the study suff ered from parosmia, 18 from phantosmia, and 20 from dysgeusia. Results: After the olfactory training, improvement of smell capability was observed in 96 patients, which is 73% from the whole group of patiets (117) with hyposmia and anosmia. The discharge olfactory score after 6 months of olfactory training reached grade 8 according to VAS. Improvement of taste capability was observed in 47 patients, which is 65% from the whole group of patients (72) with hypogeusia and dysgeusia. The discharge taste score after six months of olfacory training reached grade 4 according to VAS. However, various forms of dysgeusia, parosmia, or phantosmia persisted after the olfactory training in 18 patients. Conclusion: Smell (olfactory) training is currently considered the most eff ective rehabilitation method for improving impaired olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Better subjective results were observed in the restitution of quantitative smell disorder than in quantitative taste disorder.
- MeSH
- čich MeSH
- čichový trénink MeSH
- COVID-19 * komplikace MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obnova funkce MeSH
- odoranty MeSH
- poruchy čichu * etiologie rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to assess the functional outcomes of rehabilitation in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures in the early postoperative period. We compared the functional outcomes of patients undergoing standard rehabilitation with the group of patients whose postoperative rehabilitation was extended with shoulder girdle exercises of the affected upper limb while the wrist was immobilized. Several indices and variables were used for the assessment of the functional therapeutic outcomes of the affected wrist. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty patients (32 females and 8 males, the mean age 60.5 years) with distal radius fractures treated by internal fixation using volar surgical approach were involved in the study between 2013-2016. The tested subjects were randomized and split into two groups according to the selected method of rehabilitation. The tested subjects with standard rehabilitation extended with shoulder girdle muscles activation were labelled as group I. It included patients (n = 20) of the mean age 59.8 (age range 42-73 years) with immobilized wrist (i.e. for 3-4 weeks) performing shoulder girdle muscles exercises at the same time. Furthermore, standard kinesiotherapy continued after their fixation was removed. The other tested group, labelled as group II (n = 20), the mean age 61.3 (variation 40-74 years of age) involved patients with distal radius fractures. Only standard rehabilitation was performed in this group as late as their forearm fixation was removed. The following indices and parameters were assessed in the early postoperative period (i.e. by 8 weeks after the fixation removal): wrist and fingers range of motion (ROM), hand grip strength (dynamometry), local swelling, pain, scores of a nine hole peg test (NHPT), and a DASH score. RESULTS After the fixation had been removed, the group I reported statistically significantly higher values of movement compared to the values of the contralateral limb in the following directions: dorsal flexion, palmar flexion, MP joints flexion, flexion of PIP joints (proximal interphalangeal), and flexion of DIP joints (distal interphalangeal). After eight weeks, the group I manifested significantly higher values in dorsal flexion, palmar flexion and ulnar deviation in the wrist. There were no significant differences in other movement directions. The hand grip strength mean value examined with a dynamometer was significantly higher in the group I in the sixth and eighth week of testing (group I - 58.9% strength of a healthy limb after six weeks, or 66.5% after eight weeks). The results in the group II were 49.9% strength of a healthy limb after six weeks, or 56.6% after eight weeks. The group I showed statistically significantly lower values of wrist swelling and higher finger dexterity in the NHPT in all measured weeks. Lower pain intensity in the group I during the measurements was observed. At the same time, this group showed significantly better results in the DASH score. DISCUSSION The results of this study are useful for clinical practice. They confirm a functional relation between the activity of hand muscles and the shoulder muscle activity. The differences in the functional ability of the hand and the functional state of the injured wrist were detected as early as in the early postoperative period. It could be stated that the tested subjects in the group I showed a greater and faster improvement in the physical function of the injured hand. This was also accompanied by a positive psychological effect. We had not found a study of a similar type in the available literature that we could have compared our submitted results to. CONCLUSIONS Shoulder girdle muscles exercises after a distal radius fracture, while wrist is immobilized, can evidently enhance functional capability and accelerate the hand-function restitution. Early functional outcomes of the injured wrist after the rehabilitation with shoulder girdle muscles exercises support the efficiency of this broadened rehabilitation protocol. Key words: distal radius frac,ture, hand, shoulder, functional treatment, rehabilitation.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury vřetenní kosti rehabilitace chirurgie MeSH
- imobilizace škodlivé účinky metody MeSH
- kosterní svaly * patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rameno * patofyziologie MeSH
- rozsah kloubních pohybů MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- síla ruky MeSH
- terapie cvičením metody MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury škodlivé účinky metody rehabilitace MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH