During pregnancy, two fetomaternal interfaces, the placenta-decidua basalis and the fetal membrane-decidua parietals, allow for fetal growth and maturation and fetal-maternal crosstalk, and protect the fetus from infectious and inflammatory signaling that could lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. While the placenta has been studied extensively, the fetal membranes have been understudied, even though they play critical roles in pregnancy maintenance and the initiation of term or preterm parturition. Fetal membrane dysfunction has been associated with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks gestation) and preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM), which is a disease of the fetal membranes. However, it is unknown how the individual layers of the fetal membrane decidual interface (the amnion epithelium [AEC], the amnion mesenchyme [AMC], the chorion [CTC], and the decidua [DEC]) contribute to these pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we used a single-cell transcriptomics approach to unravel the transcriptomics network at spatial levels to discern the contributions of each layer of the fetal membranes and the adjoining maternal decidua during the following conditions: scheduled caesarian section (term not in labor [TNIL]; n = 4), vaginal term in labor (TIL; n = 3), preterm labor with and without rupture of membranes (PPROM; n = 3; and PTB; n = 3). The data included 18,815 genes from 13 patients (including TIL, PTB, PPROM, and TNIL) expressed across the four layers. After quality control, there were 11,921 genes and 44 samples. The data were processed by two pipelines: one by hierarchical clustering the combined cases and the other to evaluate heterogeneity within the cases. Our visual analytical approach revealed spatially recognized differentially expressed genes that aligned with four gene clusters. Cluster 1 genes were present predominantly in DECs and Cluster 3 centered around CTC genes in all labor phenotypes. Cluster 2 genes were predominantly found in AECs in PPROM and PTB, while Cluster 4 contained AMC and CTC genes identified in term labor cases. We identified the top 10 differentially expressed genes and their connected pathways (kinase activation, NF-κB, inflammation, cytoskeletal remodeling, and hormone regulation) per cluster in each tissue layer. An in-depth understanding of the involvement of each system and cell layer may help provide targeted and tailored interventions to reduce the risk of PTB.

• MeSH
• amnion metabolismus   cytologie   MeSH
• chorion metabolismus   MeSH
• decidua * metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extraembryonální obaly * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• porod v termínu genetika   MeSH
• předčasný odtok plodové vody genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• předčasný porod * genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Hofbauer cells are macrophages residing in the stroma of placental villi and play a number of roles during normal pregnancy, as well as pathological conditions. A morphometric analysis of Hofbauer cells, in particular to investigate the number of cells, their size and shape in samples of normal human placenta from 1st trimester, term and with chorioamnionitis was performed. Tissue samples were immunostained for CD206 antigen and evaluated using ImageJ software. We detected significant changes in number and morphology of HBCs between normal placenta and placenta with chorioamnionitis samples. In chorioamnionitis, the cells were unevenly distributed within the villi, generally present in higher numbers, larger and more elongated than those in normal 1st trimester and term placenta.

• MeSH
• chorioamnionitida * veterinární   MeSH
• choriové klky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy MeSH
• placenta MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Kromě všeobecně známé a dobře definované skupiny zánětů infekčního původu se v placentě setkáváme se záněty neinfekční etiologie, vznikajícími na imunopatologickém podkladě. Jedná se o záněty chronické, které svojí incidencí zdaleka předčí skupinu chronických infekčních zánětů vyvolaných především mikroorganismy ze skupiny TORCH. Vzhledem k současným znalostem možných komplikací těchto zánětů nabývá jejich precizní diagnostika na významu, a to nejen z hlediska klinicko-patologického, ale potenciálně i z hlediska forenzního. Cílem tohoto článku je poskytnout čtenářům základní přehled o morfologii, klasifikaci, předpokládané patogenezi a klinických aspektech těchto jednotek.

In addition to the well-known group of inflammations of infectious etiology, placental inflammations arising on immunological basis are also encountered. The incidence of the latter far exceeds the group of infectious lesions of the placenta caused mainly by microorganisms of the TORCH group. Given the current knowledge of the possible complications of these inflammations, their precise diagnosis becomes more important not only from the clinicopathological point of view, but also because of potential forensic consequences. The aim of this article is to provide readers with a basic overview of the morphology, classification, presumed pathogenesis and clinical aspects of these entities.

• Klíčová slova
• vilitida neznámé etiologie, chronická deciduitida, chronická histiocytární intervilositida,
• MeSH
• chorioamnionitida diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• choriové klky patologie   virologie   MeSH
• chronická nemoc * MeSH
• decidua patologie   MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci placenty * diagnóza   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• placenta patologie   virologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zánět patologie   virologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cerebral oxygenation (crSO2) monitoring is increasingly used in high-risk infants. Monochorionic twins suffer from specific fetal pathologies that can affect cerebral hemodynamics. Limited data are available on crSO2 and blood flow patterns in this population after birth. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate crSO2 changes in preterm monochorionic and dichorionic twins during the first 72 h of life. METHODS: Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure crSO2 in 62 infants from 31 twin pregnancies <32 weeks of gestation. The study group was divided into 4 subgroups: donor (1) and recipient (2) monochorionic twins (with twin-twin transfusion syndrome), fetal growth restriction (FGR) infants (3) and twins without fetal compromise (4). RESULTS: There was significant difference in birth weight (p < 0.001) among 4 subgroups. We observed significant variation in crSO2 among the subgroups using mixed model analysis (p < 0.001). The recipient twins exhibited the lowest crSO2 (mean ± SE) throughout the study period (76 ± 0.3%), whereas the FGR and donor twins presented with the highest values (86 ± 0.3% and 83 ± 0.4% respectively). We found no statistically significant differences in neonatal mortality and morbidity among subgroups. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed significant correlation between crSO2 values postnatally and underlying fetal pathology in monochorionic and dichorionic preterm twins.

• MeSH
• blízká infračervená spektroskopie MeSH
• chorion MeSH
• dvojčata dizygotní * MeSH
• fetofetální transfuze etiologie   MeSH
• kyslík analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh * MeSH
• novorozenec nedonošený MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• porodní hmotnost MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• růstová retardace plodu etiologie   MeSH
• těhotenství s dvojčaty * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vývoj plodu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• choriogonadotropin analýza   MeSH
• choriové klky anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mola hydatidosa * diagnóza   chirurgie   terapie   MeSH
• uterus anatomie a histologie   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

• MeSH
• choriogonadotropin analýza   MeSH
• choriové klky anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mola hydatidosa * diagnóza   chirurgie   terapie   MeSH
• uterus anatomie a histologie   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

• MeSH
• chorion embryologie   MeSH
• dvojčata monozygotní * genetika   MeSH
• fetofetální transfuze diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• fetoskopie MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci u dvojčat MeSH
• placenta anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• prenatální péče MeSH
• růstová retardace plodu diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální MeSH
• vrozené vady diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

During pregnancy, oxygen diffuses from maternal to fetal blood through villous trees in the placenta. In this paper, we simulate blood flow and oxygen transfer in feto-placental capillaries by converting three-dimensional representations of villous and capillary surfaces, reconstructed from confocal laser scanning microscopy, to finite-element meshes, and calculating values of vascular flow resistance and total oxygen transfer. The relationship between the total oxygen transfer rate and the pressure drop through the capillary is shown to be captured across a wide range of pressure drops by physical scaling laws and an upper bound on the oxygen transfer rate. A regression equation is introduced that can be used to estimate the oxygen transfer in a capillary using the vascular resistance. Two techniques for quantifying the effects of statistical variability, experimental uncertainty and pathological placental structure on the calculated properties are then introduced. First, scaling arguments are used to quantify the sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in the geometry and the parameters. Second, the effects of localized dilations in fetal capillaries are investigated using an idealized axisymmetric model, to quantify the possible effect of pathological placental structure on oxygen transfer. The model predicts how, for a fixed pressure drop through a capillary, oxygen transfer is maximized by an optimal width of the dilation. The results could explain the prevalence of fetal hypoxia in cases of delayed villous maturation, a pathology characterized by a lack of the vasculo-syncytial membranes often seen in conjunction with localized capillary dilations.

• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• choriové klky embryologie   MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• kapiláry metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• krevní oběh * MeSH
• kyslík metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• placenta krevní zásobení   MeSH
• plod krevní zásobení   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Senescence is an important biological phenomenon involved in both physiologic and pathologic processes. We propose that chorioamniotic membrane senescence is a mechanism associated with human parturition. The present study was conducted to explore the association between senescence and normal term parturition by examining the morphologic and biochemical evidences in chorioamniotic membranes. STUDY DESIGN: Chorioamniotic membranes were collected from normal term deliveries; group 1: term labor and group 2: term, not in labor. Senescence-related morphologic changes were determined by transmission electron microscopy and biochemical changes were studied by senescence-associated (SA) β-galactosidase staining. Amniotic fluid samples collected from both term labor and term not in labor were analyzed for 14 SA secretory phenotype (SASP) markers. RESULTS: Morphologic evidence of cellular senescence (enlarged cells and organelles) and a higher number of SA β-galactosidase-stained amnion and chorion cells were observed in chorioamniotic membranes obtained from women in labor at term, when compared to term not in labor. The concentration of proinflammatory SASP markers (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6 and -8) was significantly higher in the amniotic fluid of women in labor at term than women not in labor. In contrast, SASP factors that protect against cell death (eotaxin-1, soluble Fas ligand, osteoprotegerin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were significantly lower in the amniotic fluid samples from term labor. CONCLUSION: Morphologic and biochemical features of senescence were more frequent in chorioamniotic membranes from women who experienced term labor. Senescence of chorioamniotic membranes were also associated with amniotic fluid SASP markers.

• MeSH
• amnion cytologie   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• beta-galaktosidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• chemokin CCL11 metabolismus   MeSH
• chorion cytologie   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktor stimulující granulocyto-makrofágové kolonie metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-8 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligand Fas metabolismus   MeSH
• mezibuněčná adhezivní molekula-1 metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• osteoprotegerin metabolismus   MeSH
• plodová voda cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• porod v termínu metabolismus   MeSH
• porodní děj metabolismus   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• stárnutí buněk * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The possibility of obtaining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from fetal tissue such as amniotic fluid, chorionic villi and placenta is well-known and a comparison between MSCs originating in different sources such as fetal tissue and those from bone marrow in terms of yield and function is a topical issue. The mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow are well-characterized. Unfortunately the low quantitative yield during isolation is a major problem. For this reason, other tissue sources for MSCs are of paramount importance. CONCLUSION: In this review, starting from a description of the molecular and cellular biology of MSCs, we describe alternative sources of isolation other than bone marrow. Finally, we describe the potential therapeutic application of these cells.

• MeSH
• buňky kostní dřeně cytologie   MeSH
• choriové klky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• placenta cytologie   MeSH
• plodová voda cytologie   MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství metody   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tuková tkáň cytologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH