INTRODUCTION: Early and lifelong treatment is essential in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) due to genetically elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from the first years of life. In women with FH, lipid-lowering treatment is interrupted during childbearing years due to contraindication of the medication during conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, little is known about the impact of breastfeeding on lipid profile and other risk markers for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in women with FH compared with women without hypercholesterolaemia, and to what extent statins transfer into breast milk.We aim to investigate (1) the association between breastfeeding and serum lipid profile in women with and without FH; (2) the association between breastfeeding and other ASCVD risk markers in women with and without FH and (3) the concentration of statins in breast milk of women with FH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: FH-FEMINA is a prospective study aiming to include 50 women with FH in Norway, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic. Additionally, 20 women without hypercholesterolaemia will be enrolled as a control group in Norway. Women will be included at the first study visit in gestational week 36, and follow-up visits will be scheduled at 2-4 weeks, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum. Information on lifestyle factors, treatment history and current and previous pregnancies will be collected. At each visit, a non-fasting blood sample, breast milk sample and information on diet, body mass index and blood pressure will be collected. Additional blood samples will be collected from the women with FH at 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11 months postpartum for as long as they are breastfeeding. At (re-)initiation of statin treatment, breast milk samples from women with FH will be collected for drug concentration measurements. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval will be obtained prior to study start in all three countries. Participants will be informed about the study and receive ample time to ask questions before the informed consent form is signed. The findings from this study will be disseminated to healthcare professionals, researchers and patients via peer-reviewed scientific article(s), conferences, patient organisations and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05367310.
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * krev farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
- kojení * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy * krev MeSH
- mateřské mléko * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- statiny * terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- protokol klinické studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Nizozemsko MeSH
- Norsko MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the general population, but their prevalence in individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and whether they confer additional risk of ASCVD independent of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) remains unclear. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 35 540 patients with HeFH across 50 countries, in the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry. Prevalence of World Health Organization-defined body mass index categories was investigated in adults (n = 29 265) and children/adolescents (n = 6275); and their association with prevalent ASCVD. RESULTS: Globally, 52% of adults and 27% of children with HeFH were overweight or obese, with the highest prevalence noted in Northern Africa/Western Asia. A higher overweight/obesity prevalence was found in non-high-income vs. high-income countries. Median age at familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnosis in adults with obesity was 9 years older than in normal weight adults. Obesity was associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile independent of lipid-lowering medication. Prevalence of coronary artery disease increased progressively across body mass index categories in both children and adults. Compared with normal weight, obesity was associated with higher odds of coronary artery disease in children (odds ratio 9.28, 95% confidence interval 1.77-48.77, adjusted for age, sex, lipids, and lipid-lowering medication) and coronary artery disease and stroke in adults (odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence interval 2.10-2.63 and odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.27-2.14, respectively), but less consistently with peripheral artery disease. Adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and smoking modestly attenuated the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are common in patients with HeFH and contribute to ASCVD risk from childhood, independent of LDL-C and lipid-lowering medication. Sustained body weight management is needed to reduce the risk of ASCVD in HeFH.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- heterozygot MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * epidemiologie komplikace MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol krev metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nadváha * epidemiologie komplikace MeSH
- obezita * komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- registrace * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
Familiárna hypercholesterolémia (FH) je monogénové autosómovo dominantne dedičné ochorenie, ktoré je charakterizované vysokou hladinou celkového a LDL-cholesterolu a vysokým rizikom aterosklerózou podmienených kardiovaskulárnych ochorení (ASKVO). Na stanovenie klinickej diagnózy FH sa najčastejšie používa Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score (DLNC), ktoré je na Slovensku predpokladom pre DNA-analýzu FH. Cieľom našej štúdie bolo ukázať ako koreluje klinická diagnóza FH na základe DLNC s DNA-analýzou génov pre LDL-receptory, APOB a PCSK9. Zamerali sme sa na nepríbuzných jedincov (probandov). Kompletné údaje DNA-analýzy, klinického a biochemického vyšetrenia boli u 182 probandov. Porovnávali sa pacienti s primárnou hypercholesterolémiou, ktorí mali na základe skóre DLNC istú FH (defFH) alebo pravdepodobnú (probable)/možnú (possible) FH (pFH). LDL-receptory a gény APOB a PCSK9 sa analyzovali metódou next generation sequencing. 102 probandov bolo zaradených do skupiny defFH a 89 do skupiny pFH. Pacienti s defFH boli mladší, mali štatisticky významne vyšší výskyt xantomatózy, vyššiu hladinu celkového cholesterolu a LDL-cholesterolu ako pacienti v skupine pFH (p < 0,001,resp). Nezistili sme rozdiel vo výskyte ASKVO v osobnej ani rodinnej anamnéze. 72,5 % pacientov s klinickou diagnózou defFH malo potvrdenú mutáciu v génoch pre LDL-receptory alebo APOB, kým v skupine pFH to bolo 25,8 % (p < 0,001). Tento štatisticky významný rozdiel bol spojený s významne vyššou prevalenciou mutácií v géne pre LDL-receptor (60,8 % vs 14,6 %; p < 0,001). Prevalencia mutácií v géne APOB sa medzi oboma skupinami nelíšila (11,8 % vs 10,1 %, ns). Ani u jedného pacienta sa nezistil patologický variant v géne PCSK9. Ukázali sme, že v projekte MED-PED predstavuje DLNC efektívne kritérium pre diagnózu FH. Dá sa predpokladať, že v kombinácii s univerzálnym skríningom FH u detí by sa mohol významne zlepšiť záchyt monogénovej FH, a tým aj efektívna primárna prevencia včasných kardiovaskulárnych príhod.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic autosomal dominant disease, which is characterized by a high level of total and LDL-cholesterol and a high risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). To determine the clinical diagnosis of FH, the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score (DLNC) is most often used, which is a prerequisite for DNA analysis of FH in Slovakia. The aim of our study was to show how the clinical diagnosis of FH based on DLNC correlates with DNA analysis of genes for LDL-receptors, APOB and PCSK9. We focused on unrelated individuals – probands. Complete data of DNA analysis, clinical and biochemical examination were available for 182 probands. Patients with primary hypercholesterolemia who had definite FH (defFH) or probable/possible FH (pFH) based on the DLNC score were compared. LDL-receptors, ApoB and PCSK9 genes were analyzed by the next generation sequencing. 102 probands were assigned to the defFH group and 89 to the pFH group. Patients with defFH were younger, had a statistically significantly higher incidence of xanthomatosis, higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than patients in the pFH group (p < 0.001, resp.). We did not find a difference in the incidence of ASCVD in personal or family history. 72.5 % of patients with a clinical diagnosis of defFH had a confirmed mutation in the genes for LDL-receptors or APOB, while in the pFH group it was 25.8 % (p < 0.001). This statistically significant difference was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of mutations in the LDL-receptor gene (60.8 % vs 14.6 %; p < 0.001). The prevalence of mutations in the APOB gene did not differ between the two groups (11.8 % vs 10.1 %, ns). Not a single patient was found to have a pathological variant in the PCSK9 gene. We have shown that in the MED-PED project, DLNC is an effective criterion for the diagnosis of FH. It can be assumed that, in combination with universal FH screening in children, the detection of monogenic FH could be significantly improved and thus the effective primary prevention of early cardiovascular events.
- Klíčová slova
- Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score, DLNC,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- familiární kombinovaná hyperlipidemie * diagnóza genetika MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are closely related nuclear receptors with overlapping regulatory functions in xenobiotic clearance but distinct roles in endobiotic metabolism. Car activation has been demonstrated to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia by regulating cholesterol metabolism and bile acid elimination, whereas PXR activation is associated with hypercholesterolemia and liver steatosis. Here we show a human CAR agonist/PXR antagonist, MI-883, which effectively regulates genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and cholesterol/bile acid homeostasis by leveraging CAR and PXR interactions in gene regulation. Through comprehensive analyses utilizing lipidomics, bile acid metabolomics, and transcriptomics in humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A4/3A7 mice fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diets, we demonstrate that MI-883 significantly reduces plasma cholesterol levels and enhances fecal bile acid excretion. This work paves the way for the development of ligands targeting multiple xenobiotic nuclear receptors. Such ligands hold the potential for precise modulation of liver metabolism, offering new therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.
- MeSH
- cholesterol * metabolismus krev MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP3A metabolismus genetika MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hypercholesterolemie * farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- hypolipidemika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- játra metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- konstitutivní androstanový receptor * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pregnanový X receptor * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- pyridiny MeSH
- receptory cytoplazmatické a nukleární * metabolismus agonisté genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- žlučové kyseliny a soli * metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a relatively rare genetic disease associated with high serum cholesterol levels but also with abnormalities in blood coagulation. Novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches in FH including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies (PCSK9Ab) are very efficient in decreasing cholesterol levels but their impact on coagulation in FH is not yet established. Therefore, we hypothesized that these novel antidyslipidemic drugs can positively impact blood coagulation due to their more potent effect on cholesterol. A total of 15 healthy volunteers and all 15 available patients with severe FH treated at the University Hospital Hradec Králové were enrolled, coagulation was assessed by mechanic coagulometer, and the impact of four clinically used direct anticoagulants was analyzed ex vivo. FH patients were treated effectively as their total cholesterol was 4.11 ± 1.57 mM and LDL cholesterol was 2.44 ± 1.46 mM, which were even lower values than detected in our generally healthy controls. Twelve from the 15 FH patients were finally analyzed as 3 were treated with anticoagulants. Coagulation in FH patients was prolonged more extensively by dabigatran and rivaroxaban, when compared to healthy controls. Treatment with PCSK9Ab or lipid apheresis did not seem to have a significant effect on coagulation. The latter procedure however significantly decreased serum levels of one vitamin K form, MK4. Shorter coagulation time was associated with higher levels of LDL, non-HDL, and total cholesterol. Current treatment of FH seems to improve the effects of direct anticoagulants beyond known effects on LDL cholesterol levels.
- MeSH
- anticholesteremika terapeutické užití MeSH
- antikoagulancia * terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- dabigatran terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hemokoagulace * účinky léků MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * krev farmakoterapie MeSH
- hypolipidemika * terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- PCSK9 inhibitory MeSH
- proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 MeSH
- rivaroxaban terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) is an autosomal recessive (rarely dominant) inherited disorder that is almost exclusively associated with the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) variability. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of APOE2/E2 subjects develop the phenotype for mixed dyslipidemia; the context of other trigger metabolic or genetic factors remains unknown. METHODS: One hundred and one patients with FD and eighty controls (all APOE2/E2 homozygotes; rs429358) were screened for 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes involved in triglyceride metabolism. RESULTS: Two SNPs were significantly associated with the FD phenotype (rs439401 within APOE; P < 0.0005 and rs964184 within ZPR1/APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster; P < 0.0001). Unweighted genetic risk scores - from these two SNPs (GRS2), and, also, additional 13 SNPs with P-value below 0.9 (GRS15) - were created as an additional tool to improve the risk estimation of FD development in subjects with the APOE2/E2 genotype. Both GRS2 and GRS15 were significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in patients and both GRSs discriminated almost identically between the groups (P = 0.86). Subjects with an unweighted GRS2 of three or more had an almost four-fold higher risk of FD development than other individuals (odds ratio (OR) 3.58, 95% confidence interva (CI): 1.78-7.18, P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: We identified several SNPs that are individual additive factors influencing FD development. The use of unweighted GRS2 is a simple and clinically relevant tool that further improves the prediction of FD in APOE2/E2 homozygotes with corresponding biochemical characteristics.
- MeSH
- apolipoprotein E2 * genetika MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- genetické rizikové skóre MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ III genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Východisko: Lipoproteinová aferéza (LA) je velmi účinná, časově náročná a nákladná metoda snižování hladin LDL-cholesterolu (Low Denzity Lipoprotein Cholesterol – LDL-C), lipoproteinu(a) – Lp(a) a dalších apoB obsahujících lipoproteinů, včetně na triglyceridy bohatých lipoproteinů. Tato metoda byla poprvé použita téměř před 50 lety a dlouho byla terapií „poslední možnosti“ pro dyslipidemie, které jinak nelze řešit. V posledních letech jsou vyvíjena nová, velmi účinná hypolipidemika a účelem tohoto přehledu je definovat roli lipoproteinové aferézy v současném kontextu. Rozbor problematiky: Lipoproteinová aferéza stále hraje důležitou roli v léčbě pacientů s homozygotní familiární hypercholesterolemií (HoFH) a některých pacientů s dalšími formami hypercholesterolemie a aterosklerotickými kardiovaskulárními chorobami (ASKVO). Zejména pacienti, kteří nedosahují léčebných cílů navzdory moderní hypolipidemické farmakoterapii, ať už proto, že ji netolerují nebo je terapeutická odpověď nedostatečná. Lp(a) je vedle LDL-C další důležitý kardiovaskulární rizikový faktor a lipoproteinová aferéza je taktéž využívána ke snížení koncentrací lipoproteinu(a) u pacientů s významným zvýšením Lp(a) a kardiovaskulárním onemocněním. Existuje však značná heterogenita v doporučeních vědeckých autorit ohledně toho, které skupiny pacientů by měly být léčeny lipoproteinovou aferézou. Závěr: Doporučení odborných společností indikují léčbu klasickými i moderními hypolipidemiky před zahájením léčby lipoproteinovou aferézou a současně také s aferézou s cílem snížení a dosažení cílových hladin LDL-C. LA nemusí předcházet farmakoterapii, naopak klinické studie ukázaly možnost weaningu z LA při použití testovaných nových léčiv. Kombinované použití lipoproteinové aferézy a nových hypolipidemik (inhibitorů PCSK9, lomitapidu a evinakumabu) nabízí cenný terapeutický přístup u pacientů s obtížně kontrolovatelnými hladinami LDL-C. Lipoproteinová aferéza zůstává důležitým nástrojem pro terapii pacientů se závažnými dyslipidemiemi rezistentními na léčbu, zejména pacientů s homozygotní FH.
Background: Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a very effective, time-consuming and costly method of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein(a) – Lp(a) and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, including triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This method was first used almost 50 years ago and has long been a “last resort” therapy for dyslipidemias that cannot otherwise be addressed. In recent years, new, highly effective hypolipidemic agents have been developed and the purpose of this review is to define the role of lipoprotein apheresis in the current context. Discussion of the problem: Lipoprotein apheresis still plays an important role in the treatment of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and some patients with other forms of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In particular, patients who fail to achieve therapeutic goals despite modern hypolipidemic drug therapy, either because they are intolerant or the therapeutic response is inadequate. Lp(a) is another important cardiovascular risk factor besides LDL-C, and lipoprotein apheresis is also used to reduce lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with significant elevations of Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the recommendations of scientific authorities regarding which groups of patients should be treated with lipoprotein apheresis. Conclusion. Recommendations of professional societies indicate treatment with conventional and modern hypolipidemic agents before starting lipoprotein apheresis therapy and simultaneously with apheresis to reduce and achieve target LDL-C levels. LA does not need to precede drug therapy; on the contrary, clinical trials have shown the possibility of weaning from LA when using investigational new drugs. The combined use of lipoprotein apheresis and novel hypolipidemics (PCSK9 inhibitors, lomitapide and evinacumab) offers a valuable therapeutic approach for patients with difficult-to-control LDL-C levels. Lipoprotein apheresis remains an important tool for the treatment of patients with severe treatment-resistant dyslipidemias, especially those with homozygous FH.
- Klíčová slova
- lipoproteinová aferéza,
- MeSH
- ateroskleróza terapie MeSH
- dyslipidemie * terapie MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- hypercholesterolemie terapie MeSH
- hypolipidemika aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci terapie MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol krev účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipoprotein (a) krev účinky léků MeSH
- PCSK9 inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- separace krevních složek * metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
