Coccidiosis is a protozoan intestinal disease that reduces the production of the sheep industry and causes large economic losses for sheep. Although chemically synthesised drugs are routinely employed to treat coccidiosis in sheep, the anticoccidial drug resistance and drug residues in edible meat have prompted an urgent search for alternatives. Herein, the anticoccidial properties of diclazuril, a conventional anticoccidial drug, and Allium sativum, Houttuynia cordata and Portulaca oleracea were assessed. Forty 45-day-old lambs naturally infected with Eimeria spp. were selected and randomly divided into five groups. The results showed that the sheep treated for coccidiosis had considerably decreased average daily gain (ADG) during both administration and withdrawal of the drug compared to the control group. Furthermore, at days 14, 21, 28 and 35, respectively, the three herbs and diclazuril had similar anticoccidial effects, with lower oocysts per gram (OPG) than the control group. On day 78, OPG in the three herbal groups was significantly lower than in the diclazuril group. In addition, the abundance and composition of the gut microbiota were changed in sheep treated with the three herbs and diclazuril compared to the untreated sheep. Moreover, some intestinal microorganisms have a correlation with OPG and ADG when using Spearman correlation analysis. In summary, our results suggest that all three herbs produce anticoccidial effects similar to diclazuril and modulate the balance of gut microbiota in growing lambs.
- MeSH
- Eimeria účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kokcidiostatika farmakologie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- kokcidióza * veterinární farmakoterapie parazitologie MeSH
- léky rostlinné čínské farmakologie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- nemoci ovcí * parazitologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- oocysty účinky léků MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * účinky léků MeSH
- triaziny farmakologie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Kokcidióza patří mezi nejčastější onemocnění králíků v době odstavu a je jedním z limitujících faktorů odchovu králíků. Mezi patogenní kokcidie řadíme u králíků druhy parazitující ve střevech (E. magna, E. irresidua, E. intestinalis, E. flavescens, E. piriformis, a E. media) a jaterní kokcidie (E. stiedae). Stupeň infekce je závislý na druhu Eimerie, množství pozřených oocyst, věku a imunitním stavu hostitele. Diagnostika je založena na flotačním vyšetření, případně na přesném určení druhu pomocí molekulárněbiologických metod. Terapie spočívá v aplikaci antikokcidik (sulfonamidů, toltrazurilu) ve vodě nebo podaných přímo do dutiny ústní. Prevence onemocnění spočívá v dobrých zoohygienických podmínkách, správně provedeném odstavu, krmné dávce a jejím složení (v obsahu vlákniny, škrobů a bílkovin), snížení stresových faktorů a v případě velkochovů nebo malochovů v podání peletovaného krmiva s obsahem kokcidiostatik.
Coccidiosis is one of the most common diseases of rabbits at the time of weaning and is one of the limiting factors in rabbit breeding. Pathogenic coccidia in rabbits includes species parasitizing in the intestines (E. magna, E. irresidua, E. intestinalis, E. flavescens, E. piriformis, and E. media) and liver (E. stiedae). The severity of infection depends on the species of Eimeria, the number of ingested oocysts, age, and immune status of the host. Diagnostics is based on a flotation examination, or the exact determination of the species using molecular biological methods. Therapy consists of the oral administration of anticoccidials (sulphonamides, toltrazuril) in water or directly into the oral cavity. Disease prevention consists of optimal zoohygiene, properly performed weaning, feed ration and its composition (fiber, starch, and protein content), reduction of stress factors, and, in the case of large-scale or small-scale farms, in the form of pelleted diets containing coccidiostatics.
Piglet coccidiosis due to Cystoisospora suis is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO2), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO2 levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO2 with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO2 accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of C. suis, independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.
- MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- ileum metabolismus MeSH
- injekce intramuskulární MeSH
- jejunum metabolismus MeSH
- kokcidiostatika aplikace a dávkování metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- kokcidióza prevence a kontrola veterinární MeSH
- nemoci prasat prevence a kontrola MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- střevní sliznice metabolismus MeSH
- sulfony aplikace a dávkování metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- triaziny aplikace a dávkování metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
