Here, we present a study of the Pipistrellus pipistrellus species complex, a highly diversified bat group with a radiation centre in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. The study sample comprised 583 animals from 118 localities representatively covering the bats' range in the western Palearctic. We used fast-evolving markers (the mitochondrial D-loop sequence and 11 nuclear microsatellites) to describe the phylogeography, demography and population structure of this model taxon and address details of its diversification. The overall pattern within this group includes a mosaic of phylogenetically basal, often morphologically distant, relatively small and mostly allopatric demes in the Mediterranean Basin, as well as two sympatric sibling species in the large continental part of the range. The southern populations exhibit constant size, whereas northern populations show a demographic trend of growth associated with range expansion during the Pleistocene climate oscillations. There is evidence of isolation by distance and female philopatry in P. pipistrellus sensu stricto. Although the northern populations are reproductively isolated, we detected introgression events among several Mediterranean lineages. This pattern implies incomplete establishment of reproductive isolating mechanisms in these populations as well as the existence of a past reinforcement stage in the continental siblings. The occurrence of reticulations in the radiation centre among morphologically and ecologically derived relict demes suggests that adaptive unequal gene exchange within hybridizing populations could play a role in speciation and adaptive radiation within this group.

• MeSH
• Chiroptera klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeografie metody   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středomoří MeSH

The sympatric occurrence of closely related lineages displaying conserved morphological and ecological traits is often characteristic of free-living microbes. Gene flow, recombination, selection, and mutations govern the genetic variability between these cryptic lineages and drive their differentiation. However, sequencing conservative molecular markers (e.g., 16S rRNA) coupled with insufficient population-level sampling hindered the study of intra-species genetic diversity and speciation in cyanobacteria. We used phylogenomics and a population genomic approach to investigate the extent of local genomic diversity and the mechanisms underlying sympatric speciation of Laspinema thermale. We found two cryptic lineages of Laspinema. The lineages were highly genetically diverse, with recombination occurring more frequently within than between them. That suggests the existence of a barrier to gene flow, which further maintains divergence. Genomic regions of high population differentiation harbored genes associated with possible adaptations to high/low light conditions and stress stimuli, although with a weak diversifying selection. Overall, the diversification of Laspinema species might have been affected by both genomic and ecological processes.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Forest trees generally show high levels of local adaptation and efforts focusing on understanding adaptation to climate will be crucial for species survival and management. Here, we address fundamental questions regarding the molecular basis of adaptation in undomesticated forest tree populations to past climatic environments by employing an integrative quantitative genetics and landscape genomics approach. Using this comprehensive approach, we studied the molecular basis of climate adaptation in 433 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) genotypes originating across western North America. Variation in 74 field-assessed traits (growth, ecophysiology, phenology, leaf stomata, wood, and disease resistance) was investigated for signatures of selection (comparing QST-FST) using clustering of individuals by climate of origin (temperature and precipitation). 29,354 SNPs were investigated employing three different outlier detection methods and marker-inferred relatedness was estimated to obtain the narrow-sense estimate of population differentiation in wild populations. In addition, we compared our results with previously assessed selection of candidate SNPs using the 25 topographical units (drainages) across the P. trichocarpa sampling range as population groupings. Narrow-sense QST for 53% of distinct field traits was significantly divergent from expectations of neutrality (indicating adaptive trait variation); 2,855 SNPs showed signals of diversifying selection and of these, 118 SNPs (within 81 genes) were associated with adaptive traits (based on significant QST). Many SNPs were putatively pleiotropic for functionally uncorrelated adaptive traits, such as autumn phenology, height, and disease resistance. Evolutionary quantitative genomics in P. trichocarpa provides an enhanced understanding regarding the molecular basis of climate-driven selection in forest trees and we highlight that important loci underlying adaptive trait variation also show relationship to climate of origin. We consider our approach the most comprehensive, as it uncovers the molecular mechanisms of adaptation using multiple methods and tests. We also provide a detailed outline of the required analyses for studying adaptation to the environment in a population genomics context to better understand the species' potential adaptive capacity to future climatic scenarios.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• kvantitativní znak dědičný MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• Populus genetika   MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Britská Kolumbie MeSH
• Oregon MeSH

VÝCHODISKA: Podpora pohybové aktivity (PA) je jedním z nejzávažnějších faktorů při prevenci neinfekčních civilizačních chorob. Další faktory, které PA mohou ovlivňovat (ekonomické, environmentální, sociokulturní a další), jsou intenzivně sledovány ve vztahu ke kvalitě života. Regionálně vhodně nastavené podmínky pro realizaci volnočasových PA mohou zlepšit rozdíly v objemu realizované PA u různých skupin obyvatel. CÍLE: Cílem studie bylo analyzovat pohybovou aktivitu obyvatel „východočeského“ regionu (Královéhradecký a Pardubický kraj a Vysočina) z hlediska vzdělání a socioekonomického statusu. METODIKA: Pro výzkumnou studii uvádíme souhrnně název „východočeský“ region pro kraje Královéhradecký, Pardubický a Vysočina. Pro zjištění týdenní úrovně PA byla použita data randomizovaného souboru 1273 obyvatel „východočeského“ regionu (555 mužů a 718 žen) ve věku 41,03 ? 9,16 let. Všichni respondenti byli osobně osloveni vyškolenými distributory výzkumných šetření z řad vysokoškolských studentů k účasti na výzkumném šetření pomocí české administrativní verze dotazníku IPAQ. Výzkumný sběr dat byl realizován pravidelně v jarním (březen–květen) a podzimním (září–listopad) období v letech 2005 až 2009. VÝSLEDKY: Lidé s vyšším typem dosaženého vzdělání (vysokoškolské) vykazují menší objem týdenní PA než lidé s nižším typem vzdělání (základní a středoškolské). Středoškoláci vykazují vůbec nejvyšší množství realizované PA. Socioekonomický status (SES) je ve „východočeském“ regionu jen málo diverzifikován. Lidé s vyšším SES však vykazují menší objem realizované PA než lidé s nižším SES. ZÁVĚRY: Vysoký úbytek PA vysokoškolsky vzdělané populace je alarmujícím indikátorem možných zdravotních komplikací této skupiny a je třeba k ní z hlediska preventivních programů zodpovědně přistupovat. Atraktivní přírodní podmínky je třeba udržovat a dále zpřístupňovat pro realizaci kulturních, cyklistických a turistických výletů, ale i k motivaci místních obyvatel pro realizaci volnočasových PA.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) promotion is one of the most important factors in prevention of non-infectious civilization diseases. Other factors that may affect PA (economical, environmental, socio-cultural, etc.) are intensively monitored in relation to the quality of life. Regionally related conditions for the realization of leisure PA can improve the differences in the level of PA in different population groups. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze physical activity of the population of the Eastern Bohemian region (Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Vysočina) regarding the education and socioeconomic status. METHODS: Term “Eastern Bohemian” region was used to sum the data collected from regions of Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Vysočina. To determine the weekly level of PA we used a randomized data set of 1273 people from the Eastern Bohemian region (555 men and 718 women) aged 41.03 ± 9.16 years. All respondents were asked personally by educated distributors (university students) to participate in a research study using the Czech version of the IPAQ questionnaire. Data collection was carried out regularly in Spring (March–May) and Autumn (September–November) period from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: People with higher education (university degree) have a lower amount of weekly PA than people with lower type of education (primary and secondary). People with secondary school education reported the highest amount of realized PA. There is diversified socioeconomic status (SES) in the Eastern Bohemian region. People with higher SES reported a lower level of realized PA than people with lower SES. CONCLUSIONS: The high loss of PA in university educated population is an alarming indicator of possible health complications. This group should be targeted in prevention health programs. Natural attractiveness should be maintained and opportunities made available for the realization of cultural, cycling and hiking trips. Programs motivating local people to carry out leisure PA should be adapted.

• Klíčová slova
• dotazník ANEWS, IPAQ, aktivní rekreace, region,
• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sociální podmínky MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• životní styl MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH