BACKGROUND: Tetracentron sinense is an endemic and endangered deciduous tree. It belongs to the Trochodendrales, one of four early diverging lineages of eudicots known for having vesselless secondary wood. Sequencing and resequencing of the T. sinense genome will help us understand eudicot evolution, the genetic basis of tracheary element development, and the genetic diversity of this relict species. RESULTS: Here, we report a chromosome-scale assembly of the T. sinense genome. We assemble the 1.07 Gb genome sequence into 24 chromosomes and annotate 32,690 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses verify that the Trochodendrales and core eudicots are sister lineages and showed that two whole-genome duplications occurred in the Trochodendrales approximately 82 and 59 million years ago. Synteny analyses suggest that the γ event, resulting in paleohexaploidy, may have only happened in core eudicots. Interestingly, we find that vessel elements are present in T. sinense, which has two orthologs of AtVND7, the master regulator of vessel formation. T. sinense also has several key genes regulated by or regulating TsVND7.2 and their regulatory relationship resembles that in Arabidopsis thaliana. Resequencing and population genomics reveals high levels of genetic diversity of T. sinense and identifies four refugia in China. CONCLUSIONS: The T. sinense genome provides a unique reference for inferring the early evolution of eudicots and the mechanisms underlying vessel element formation. Population genomics analysis of T. sinense reveals its genetic diversity and geographic structure with implications for conservation.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- genom * MeSH
- Magnoliopsida genetika MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza MeSH
- syntenie MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika MeSH
- xylém MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
The dual-affinity nitrate transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) has two modes of transport and signaling, governed by Thr-101 (T101) phosphorylation. NRT1.1 regulates lateral root (LR) development by modulating nitrate-dependent basipetal auxin export and nitrate-mediated signal transduction. Here, using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NRT1.1T101D phosphomimetic and NRT1.1T101A nonphosphorylatable mutants, we found that the phosphorylation state of NRT1.1 plays a key role in NRT1.1 function during LR development. Single-particle tracking revealed that phosphorylation affected NRT1.1 spatiotemporal dynamics. The phosphomimetic NRT1.1T101D form showed fast lateral mobility and membrane partitioning that facilitated auxin flux under low-nitrate conditions. By contrast, nonphosphorylatable NRT1.1T101A showed low lateral mobility and oligomerized at the plasma membrane (PM), where it induced endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and microdomain-mediated endocytosis pathways under high-nitrate conditions. These behaviors promoted LR development by suppressing NRT1.1-controlled auxin transport on the PM and stimulating Ca2+-ARABIDOPSIS NITRATE REGULATED1 signaling from the endosome.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- dusičnany metabolismus MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny přenášející anionty genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- vápníková signalizace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cysteine protease is a superfamily of widespread proteolytic enzymes and plays a major role in larval invasion, migration, exsheathing, survival and immune evasion in parasites. In the present study, the gene coding cysteine proteinase of the nematode Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) was cloned into pQE-80L and subsequently expressed in E. coli JM109. The rTsCP was purified and its antigenicity was identified by Western blot and ELISA. Using anti-rTsCP serum the native TsCP was identified in muscle larval crude proteins. The results of quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence test demonstrated that the TsCP was expressed in all stages of T. spiralis and located mainly in cuticle, stichosome and reproductive organs. The immunisation of mice with rTsCP elicited Th2-predominant immune responses. Anti-rTsCP antibodies could partially inhibit the in vitro larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells and kill the newborn larvae by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The vaccinated mice exhibited a 54% reduction of adults and a 33% reduction of muscle larvae following challenge infection. The results suggested that the TsCP might be an indispensable protein in Trichinella invasion, development and survival of T. spiralis in hosts, and could be a potential vaccine target against infection.
- MeSH
- cysteinové proteasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika metabolismus MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- geneticky modifikované mikroorganismy genetika MeSH
- klonování DNA MeSH
- larva enzymologie genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- organismy bez specifických patogenů MeSH
- proteiny červů genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- Trichinella spiralis enzymologie genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
