Cíl práce: Období pandemie covid-19 výrazně ovlivnilo zdravotnický systém, včetně dopadu na dodržování principů racionální antibiotické politiky, zejména v souvislosti s nozokomiálními pneumoniemi, kdy bylo velmi obtížné odlišit případnou bakteriální superinfekci od závažné zánětlivé reakce vyvolané virem SARS-CoV-2. Cílem předložené studie byla analýza antimikrobiální rezistence bakteriálních agens izolovaných z dolních cest dýchacích a jejich klonality u pacientů v intenzivní péči v roce 2022 a porovnání s předchozím covidovým obdobím. Materiál a metody: Do studie byly zahrnuty bakteriální kmeny izolované z dolních cest dýchacích (DCD) pacientů hospitalizovaných na Klinice anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny Fakultní nemocnice Olomouc (KARIM) v období tří let (1. 1. 2020 – 31. 12. 2022). Citlivost k antibiotikům byla stanovena standardní diluční mikrometodou podle kritérií EUCAST, u vybraných izolátů bylo provedeno porovnání pomocí pulzní gelové elektroforézy (PFGE). Výsledky: Rezistence nejčastějších bakteriálních agens izolovaných z DCD pacientů hospitalizovaných na KARIM se během covidového (2020-2021) a pocovidového (2022) období výrazně nezměnila, s výjimkou Serratia marcescens a Enterococcus faecium. Tato dvě species vykázala nárůst počtu kmenů během pandemie covid-19 a rovněž významný vzestup podílu rezistentních kmenů. V případě Serratia marcescens došlo k následnému poklesu počtu izolátů i jejich rezistence v roce 2022. V případě Enterococcus faecium celkový počet izolátů rovněž významně klesl, ale četnost vankomycin-rezistentních izolátů (VRE) se nadále zvyšovala. V období pandemie covid-19 lze zvýšený záchyt VRE spojit s klonálním šířením, v roce 2022 se však výrazná klonalita již nepotvrdila. Porovnání podobnosti pomocí PFGE u dalších bakteriálních druhů rovněž neodhalilo významnější horizontální přenos mezi pacienty v pocovidovém období, neboť většina izolátů (85 %) vykazovala jedinečný restrikční profil. Závěr: Výsledky naznačují, že frekvence i antimikrobiální rezistence většiny nejčastějších bakteriálních agens z dolních cest dýchacích pacientů hospitalizovaných na KARIM v pocovidovém období zůstává srovnatelná s dobou před propuknutím pandemie covid-19 i během ní. Výjimkou je druh Enterococcus faecium, u něhož došlo k nárůstu rezistence k vankomycinu v kovidovém i pocovidovém období

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BACKGROUND: Diffuse peritonitis is an acute abdominal condition characterized by high mortality. The main treatment modality is surgery, requiring a subsequent prolonged hospital stay. These patients are, among other things, at risk of developing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), which considerably worsens their treatment outcomes. This study aimed to extend the existing knowledge by providing more detailed microbiological characteristics of complicating HAP in patients with secondary peritonitis, including the identification of isolated bacterial pathogens and their potential sources. METHODS: The 2015-2019 retrospective study comprised all patients with an intraoperatively confirmed diagnosis of secondary diffuse peritonitis who were classified in accordance with the quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment scoring system. RESULTS: HAP developed in 15% of patients. The 90-day mortality rates were 53% and 24% in patients with and without HAP; respectively. The most frequent pathogens responsible for HAP were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae complex and Enterococcus faecalis. Multidrug resistance to antibiotics was found in 38% of bacterial pathogens. Clonal spread of these bacterial pathogens among patients was not detected. Rather, the endogenous characteristic of HAP was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The initial antibiotic therapy of complicating HAP in patients with secondary peritonitis must be effective mainly against enterobacteria, including strains with the production of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The study further highlighted the importance of monitoring the respiratory tract bacterial microflora in patients with secondary peritonitis. The results should be used for initial antibiotic treatment of complicating HAP instances.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Cíl: Cílem práce je charakterizovat infekce vyvolané enterokoky ve Fakultní nemocnici Olomouc (FNOL) a definovat možnosti antibiotické léčby. Materiál a metody: Data byla získána z laboratorního informačního systému ENVIS LIMS. Za období 1. 1. 2015 až 31. 12. 2019 byly retrospektivně hodnoceny klinicky významné enterokoky ve FNOL a jejich rezistence k antibiotikům. K identifikaci byla do poloviny roku 2016 použita kritéria Facklama a Collinse a stanovení biochemických vlastností za použití En-coccus testu, následně byly všechny enterokoky určeny za pomoci systému MALDI-TOF MS. Citlivost k antibiotikům byla stanovena standardní diluční mikrometodou podle kritérií EUCAST. Výsledky: Ve sledovaném období 5 let bylo izolováno celkem 8 239 klinicky významných enterokoků. Nejčastěji izolovanými druhy byly Enterococcus faecalis a Enterococcus faecium, které v období 2017–2019 tvořily více než 90 %. Enterokoky byly nejčastěji izolovány z moče (35 %), dále z chirurgických ran (17 %) a stěrů z uretry/pochvy (17 %). Klinicky významné enterokoky byly v největší míře izolovány od pacientů s onkologickou diagnózou (22 %), dále od pacientů s nemocemi močové a pohlavní soustavy (15 %) a nemocemi dýchací soustavy (9 %). U kmenů Enterococcus faecalis byla zaznamenána velmi nízká rezistence k testovaným antibiotikům. V případě Enterococcus faecium byl prokázán 24% podíl vankomycin-rezistentních kmenů (VRE). Závěr: K primárním antibiotikům vhodným k léčbě infekcí s etiologickou rolí Enterococcus faecalis patří aminopeniciliny, v případě závažných infekcí v kombinaci s aminoglykosidy, především gentamicinem. U kmenů Enterococcus faecium je nutné volit glykopeptidy. Problém nastává u VRE, kde je k léčbě indikován linezolid či tigecyklin.

Aim: The study aimed to characterize enterococcal infections at the University Hospital Olomouc and to define antibiotic treatment options. Material and methods: The data was obtained from the ENVIS LIMS laboratory information system. Between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019, clinically relevant enterococci in the hospital and their resistance to antibiotics were retrospectively evaluated. Until mid-2016, criteria defined by Facklam and Collins and biochemical properties determined with the En-coccus test were used for identification. Subsequently, all enterococci were identified using the MALDI-TOF MS system. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using a standard microdilution method according to the EUCAST criteria. Results: A total of 8 239 clinically relevant enterococci were isolated over the 5-year period. The most frequently isolated species were Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, which accounted for more than 90% in the period 2017–2019. Enterococci were most frequently isolated from urine (35 %), surgical wounds (17 %) and urethral/vaginal swabs (17 %). Clinically relevant enterococci were most commonly isolated from patients with oncological diagnoses (22%), those with urinary and genital diseases (15%) and respiratory diseases (9 %). Enterococcus faecalis strains showed very low resistance to the antibiotics tested. Enterococcus faecium was shown to have 24 % proportion of vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE). Conclusion: Primary antibiotics suitable for treating infections with the etiological role of Enterococcus faecalis include aminopenicillins, in case of severe infections in combination with aminoglycosides, in particular gentamicin. For Enterococcus faecium strains, glycopeptides must be chosen. To treat VRE, linezolid or tigecycline are indicated.

Due to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine, residues of various antimicrobials get into wastewater and, subsequently, surface water. On the one hand, a combination of processes in wastewater treatment plants aims to eliminate chemical and biological pollutants; on the other hand, this environment may create conditions suitable for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes and potential selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Wastewater and surface water samples (Morava River) were analyzed to determine the concentrations of 10 antibiotics and identify those exceeding so-called predicted no-effect environmental concentrations (PNECs). This study revealed that residues of five of the tested antimicrobials, namely ampicillin, clindamycin, tetracycline, tigecycline and vancomycin, in wastewater samples exceeded the PNEC. Vancomycin concentrations were analyzed with respect to the detected strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), in which the presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and potential relationship were analyzed. VRE were detected in 16 wastewater samples (11%) and two surface water samples (6%). The PNEC of vancomycin was exceed in 16% of the samples. Since the detected VRE did not correlate with the vancomycin concentrations, no direct relationship was confirmed between the residues of this antimicrobials and the presence of the resistant strains.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Broad-spectrum antibiotics administered to patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia pose a risk of infection caused by Clostridioides difficile. This risk is reduced mainly by strict hygiene measures and early de-escalation of antibiotic therapy. Recently, oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) has also been discussed. This retrospective study aimed to assess the prevalence of C. difficile in critical COVID-19 patients staying in an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital department of anesthesiology, resuscitation, and intensive care from November 2020 to May 2021 and the rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) after the introduction of OVP and to compare the data with those from controls in the pre-pandemic period (November 2018 to May 2019). During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase in toxigenic C. difficile rates to 12.4% of patients, as compared with 1.6% in controls. The peak rates were noted in February 2021 (25% of patients), immediately followed by initiation of OVP, changes to hygiene precautions, and more rapid de-escalation of antibiotic therapy. Subsequently, toxigenic C. difficile detection rates started to fall. There was a nonsignificant increase in VRE detected in non-gastrointestinal tract samples to 8.9% in the COVID-19 group, as compared to 5.3% in the control group. Molecular analysis confirmed mainly clonal spread of VRE.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The article describes activities of an antibiotic center at a university hospital in the Czech Republic and presents the results of antibiotic stewardship program implementation over a period of 10 years. It provides data on the development of resistance of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to selected antibiotic agents as well as consumption data for various antibiotic classes. The genetic basis of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and its clonal spread were also assessed. The study showed significant correlations between aminoglycoside consumption and resistance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to gentamicin (r = 0.712, r = 0.869), fluoroquinolone consumption and resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin (r = 0.896), aminoglycoside consumption and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to amikacin (r = 0.716), as well as carbapenem consumption and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to meropenem (r = 0.855). Genotyping of ESBL- positive isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed a predominance of CTX-M-type; in AmpC-positive strains, DHA, EBC and CIT enzymes prevailed. Of 19 meropenem-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, two were identified as NDM-positive. Clonal spread of these strains was not detected. The results suggest that comprehensive antibiotic stewardship implementation in a healthcare facility may help to maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial pathogens. Particularly beneficial is the work of clinical microbiologists who, among other things, approve administration of antibiotics to patients with bacterial infections and directly participate in their antibiotic therapy.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Enterococci are important bacterial pathogens, and their significance is even greater in the case of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The study analyzed the presence of VRE in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of hemato-oncological patients. Active screening using selective agars yielded VRE for phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Isolated strains were identified with MALDI-TOF MS, (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) their susceptibility to antibiotics was tested, and resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC-1, vanC2-C3) and genes encoding virulence factors (asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, hyl) were detected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to assess the relationship of the isolated strains. Over a period of three years, 103 VanA-type VRE were identified in 1405 hemato-oncological patients. The most frequently detected virulence factor was extracellular surface protein (84%), followed by hyaluronidase (40%). Unique restriction profiles were observed in 33% of strains; clonality was detected in 67% of isolates. The study found that 7% of hemato-oncological patients carried VRE in their GIT. In all cases, the species identified was Enterococcus faecium. No clone persisted for the entire 3-year study period. However, genetically different clusters were observed for shorter periods of time, no longer than eight months, with identical VRE spreading among patients.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Increasing bacterial resistance to quinolone antibiotics is apparent in both humans and animals. For humans, a potential source of resistant bacteria may be animals or their products entering the human food chain, for example poultry. Between July 2013 and September 2014, samples were collected and analyzed in the Moravian regions of the Czech Republic to isolate the bacterium Escherichia coli. As a result, 212 E. coli isolates were obtained comprising 126 environmental isolates from poultry houses and 86 isolates from cloacal swabs from market-weight turkeys. Subsequently, the E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to selected antibiotics. Resistance of the poultry isolates to quinolones ranged from 53% to 73%. Additionally, the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes was studied. The genes were confirmed in 58% of the tested strains. The data on resistance of isolates from poultry were compared with results of resistance tests in human isolates obtained in the same regions. The high levels of resistance determined by both phenotyping and genotyping methods and reported in the present study confirm the fact that the use of fluoroquinolones in poultry should be closely monitored.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• drůbež mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aims were to investigate the level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital and urban wastewater and to determine the similarity of isolates obtained from wastewater and hospitalized patients. Wastewater samples were collected in September 2013 and 2014. After identification using MALDI-TOF MS, beta-lactamase production was determined by relevant phenotypic tests. Genes responsible for the production of single beta-lactamase groups and Qnr proteins were established. The epidemiological relationship of the isolates from wastewater and hospitalized patients was determined by PFGE. A total of 51 isolates of enterobacteria were obtained. Overall, 45.1% of them produced broad-spectrum beta-lactamases. Genes encoding TEM, SHV, CTX-M, CIT, DHA and EBC types of enzymes and Qnr proteins were detected. No broad-spectrum beta-lactamase production was confirmed in the urban wastewater treatment plant. The most important finding was the detection of two identical isolates of K. pneumoniae in 2013, one from a patient's urinary catheter and the other from a wastewater sample.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody MeSH
• nemocnice * MeSH
• odpadní voda mikrobiologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií MeSH
• velkoměsta * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta * MeSH