Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen), a first-in-class alkylating peptide-drug conjugate, plus dexamethasone was approved in Europe for use in patients with triple-class refractory relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with ≥3 prior lines of therapy and without prior autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or with a time to progression >36 months after prior ASCT. The randomized LIGHTHOUSE study (NCT04649060) assessed melflufen plus daratumumab and dexamethasone (melflufen group) versus daratumumab in patients with RRMM with disease refractory to an immunomodulatory agent and a proteasome inhibitor or who had received ≥3 prior lines of therapy including an immunomodulatory agent and a proteasome inhibitor. A partial clinical hold issued by the US Food and Drug Administration for all melflufen studies led to financial constraints and premature study closure on February 23rd 2022 (data cut-off date). In total, 54 of 240 planned patients were randomized (melflufen group, N=27; daratumumab group, N=27). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached in the melflufen group versus 4.9 months in the daratumumab group (Hazard Ratio: 0.18 [95% Confidence Interval, 0.05-0.65]; P=0.0032) at a median follow-up time of 7.1 and 6.6 months, respectively. Overall response rate (ORR) was 59% in the melflufen group versus 30% in the daratumumab group (P=0.0300). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events in the melflufen group versus daratumumab group were neutropenia (50% vs. 12%), thrombocytopenia (50% vs. 8%), and anemia (32% vs. 19%). Melflufen plus daratumumab and dexamethasone demonstrated superior PFS and ORR versus daratumumab in RRMM and a safety profile comparable to previously published melflufen studies.
- MeSH
- autologní transplantace MeSH
- dexamethason terapeutické užití MeSH
- fenylalanin * analogy a deriváty MeSH
- inhibitory proteasomu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melfalan * analogy a deriváty MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky * MeSH
- nádory plazmocelulární * MeSH
- neutropenie * MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen), a first-in-class, alkylating peptide-drug conjugate, demonstrated clinical benefit in combination with dexamethasone in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma (MM). The phase I/IIa ANCHOR study evaluated melflufen (30 or 40 mg) and dexamethasone (40 mg with daratumumab; 20 mg followed by 40 mg with bortezomib; dose reduced if aged ≥75 years) in triplet combination with daratumumab (16 mg/kg; daratumumab arm) or bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2; bortezomib arm) in patients with relapsed/refractory MM refractory to an immunomodulatory agent and/or a proteasome inhibitor and who had received one to four prior lines of therapy. Primary objectives were to determine the optimal dose of melflufen in triplet combination (phase I) and overall response rate (phase IIa). In total, 33 patients were treated in the daratumumab arm and 23 patients received therapy in the bortezomib arm. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported at either melflufen dose level with either combination. With both triplet regimens, the most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were thrombocytopenia and neutropenia; thrombocytopenia was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event leading to treatment discontinuation. In the daratumumab arm, patients receiving melflufen 30 mg remained on treatment longer than those receiving the 40-mg dose. In the daratumumab arm, the overall response rate was 73% and median progression-free survival was 12.9 months. Notably, in the bortezomib arm, the overall response rate was 78% and median progression-free survival was 14.7 months. Considering the totality of the data, melflufen 30 mg was established as the recommended dose for use with dexamethasone and daratumumab or bortezomib for future studies in relapsed/refractory MM.
- MeSH
- bortezomib terapeutické užití MeSH
- dexamethason terapeutické užití MeSH
- fenylalanin * analogy a deriváty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melfalan * analogy a deriváty MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky * MeSH
- nádory plazmocelulární * MeSH
- neutropenie * chemicky indukované MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- trombocytopenie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze I MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
Monoclonal gammopathies are a group of blood diseases characterized by presence of abnormal immunoglobulins in peripheral blood and/or urine of patients. Multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia are monoclonal gammopathies with unclear etiology, caused by malignant transformation of bone marrow plasma cells. Mass spectrometry with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and time-of-flight detection is commonly used for investigation of the peptidome and small proteome of blood plasma with high accuracy, robustness, and cost-effectivity. In addition, mass spectrometry coupled with advanced statistics can be used for molecular profiling, classification, and diagnosis of liquid biopsies and tissue specimens in various malignancies. Despite the fact there have been fully optimized protocols for mass spectrometry of normal blood plasma available for decades, in monoclonal gammopathy patients, the massive alterations of biophysical and biochemical parameters of peripheral blood plasma often limit the mass spectrometry measurements. In this paper, we present a new two-step extraction protocol and demonstrated the enhanced resolution and intensity (>50×) of mass spectra obtained from extracts of peripheral blood plasma from monoclonal gammopathy patients. When coupled with advanced statistics and machine learning, the mass spectra profiles enabled the direct identification, classification, and discrimination of multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia patients with high accuracy and precision. A model based on PLS-DA achieved the best performance with 71.5% accuracy (95% confidence interval, CI = 57.1-83.3%) when the 10× repeated 5-fold CV was performed. In summary, the two-step extraction protocol improved the analysis of monoclonal gammopathy peripheral blood plasma samples by mass spectrometry and provided a tool for addressing the complex molecular etiology of monoclonal gammopathies.
BACKGROUND: Although novel therapies improved prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, clinical outcomes in the multi-refractory population are still poor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed data from the Czech Registry of Monoclonal Gammopathies, identified and characterized triple-class exposed (3CE) relapsed/refractory MM patients, treatment patterns after 3CE, assessed overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TTNT), explored cohorts with and without triple- and penta-refractoriness. RESULTS: In 83 3CE patients who started subsequent therapies, the median OS was 14.2 months (95% CI, 8.5-19.9), PFS 6.2 months (95% CI, 3.9-8.5), and TTNT 7.2 months (95% CI, 4.6-9.8). Triple- and penta-class refractory patients had a significantly worse prognosis in all outcomes. Their life expectancy was shorter, the disease progression started earlier, and the TTNT was shorter, which increased likelihood of becoming refractory to more therapies. Time-to-event results from the first index date and all index dates analyses were very similar. CONCLUSION: Similar to previous studies from the US and Europe, our results show a high disease burden. Introduction of novel therapies, such as CAR-T cells, new bispecific and trispecific monoclonal antibodies, and other drugs, is expected to bring significant benefits to these patients.
- MeSH
- doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * farmakoterapie MeSH
- registrace MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
PURPOSE: Primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is the most aggressive monoclonal gammopathy. It was formerly characterized by ≥ 20% circulating plasma cells (CTCs) until 2021, when this threshold was decreased to ≥ 5%. We hypothesized that primary PCL is not a separate clinical entity, but rather that it represents ultra-high-risk multiple myeloma (MM) characterized by elevated CTC levels. METHODS: We assessed the levels of CTCs by multiparameter flow cytometry in 395 patients with newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible MM to establish a cutoff for CTCs that identifies the patients with ultra-high-risk PCL-like MM. We tested the cutoff on 185 transplant-eligible patients with MM and further validated on an independent cohort of 280 transplant-ineligible patients treated in the GEM-CLARIDEX trial. The largest published real-world cohort of patients with primary PCL was used for comparison of survival. Finally, we challenged the current 5% threshold for primary PCL diagnosis. RESULTS: Newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible patients with MM with 2%-20% CTCs had significantly shorter progression-free survival (3.1 v 15.6 months; P < .001) and overall survival (14.6 v 33.6 months; P = .023) than patients with < 2%. The 2% cutoff proved to be applicable also in transplant-eligible patients with MM and was successfully validated on an independent cohort of patients from the GEM-CLARIDEX trial. Most importantly, patients with 2%-20% CTCs had comparable dismal outcomes with primary PCL. Moreover, after revealing a low mean difference between flow cytometric and morphologic evaluation of CTCs, we showed that patients with 2%-5% CTCs have similar outcomes as those with 5%-20% CTCs. CONCLUSION: Our study uncovers that ≥ 2% CTCs is a biomarker of hidden primary PCL and supports the assessment of CTCs by flow cytometry during the diagnostic workup of MM.
SAPHO syndrom představuje zastřešující termín pro autoinflamatorní kostní zánětlivé procesy spojené s osteolýzou a pro současně se vyskytující patologické morfy na kůži. SAPHO syndrom je akronym pro synovitis, akné, pustulózu, hyperostózu a osteitidu. Popisujeme 40letého muže, který si stěžoval na bolesti čelisti a v zádech vedoucí k výraznému snížení fyzické zdatnosti, úbytku hmotnosti a synovitidu četných kloubů, u něhož se objevily kožní změny typu akné. Laboratorní vyšetření odhalilo abnormálně zvýšené známky zánětu. Předchozí četná zobrazovací vyšetření odpovídala obrazu multifokální nebakteriální osteomyelitidy s osteolytickými změnami a periostálními infiltráty a synovitidy velkých kloubů. Pacient splňoval kritéria SAPHO syndromu, jiné příčiny těchto změn nebyly potvrzeny. Zpočátku byl léčen glukokortikoidy a nesteroidními antiflogistiky (NSAIDs). Účinné byly pouze vysoké dávky dexametazonu nebo prednisonu, což vedlo ke změně léčebné strategie a zahájení léčby anakinrou. Pro inhibici zvýšené aktivity osteoklastů, odbourávajících kostní tkáň, jsme upřednostnili denosumab před bisfosfonáty, protože je plánována osteosyntéza patologické fraktury mandibuly. Laboratorní zánětlivé markery se snížily, kostní bolesti ustoupily, ale kožní projevy ve formě akné vykázaly pouze částečný ústup. Kontrolní PET/MR vyšetření po pěti měsících léčby anakinrou a denosumabem prokázalo výraznou regresi metabolické aktivity a signifikantní zmenšení patologických perioseálních infiltrátů. Léčebnou odpověď na anakinru hodnotíme tedy jako parciální remisi. Text přináší přehled možností biologické terapie.
SAPHO is an acronym derived from capital letters of Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO). SAPHO syndrome is an umbrella term covering a constellation of bone lesions and skin manifestations. A 40-year-old male complained about his jaw and back pain, swelling of multiple joints and weight loss accompanied by physical deterioration and acne type skin lesions. Laboratory tests revealed abnormal elevation of inflammatory markers. Imaging studies illustrated multiple osteolytic bone lesions and paraosseal infiltrates. According to the set of criteria diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome was stated. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but only high dose dexamethasone and prednisone were effective. Daily subcutaneous administration of anakinra at the dose of 100 mg was initiated due to limited response to more classical therapies. Because of planned mandibular osteosynthesis initiation of denosumab was preferred before bisphosphonates. Therapeutic response was confirmed by FDG-PET/MR after 5 months of anakinra and denosumab therapy, showing decreased accumulation of FDG in periosteal and paraosseal infiltrates. Inflammatory markers significantly decreased, bone pain deferred but skin manifestation receded only partially. Therefore the response was evaluated as partial remission.
- MeSH
- antagonista receptoru pro interleukin 1 aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologická terapie MeSH
- bolesti zad MeSH
- bolesti zubů MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osteitida diagnóza MeSH
- osteomyelitida diagnóza MeSH
- syndrom získané hyperostózy * diagnóza farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Východiska: Waldenströmova makroglobulinemie (WM) je lymfoplazmocytární lymfom produkující monoklonální imunoglobulin typu IgM. Incidence této nemoci je nízká (0,4/100 000), takže tuto chorobu lze považovat za tzv. nemoc-sirotka. To znamená, že nové léky jsou testovány a registrovány většinou pro častější diagnózy, než je WM. Cíl: V tomto textu shrnujeme informace o účinnosti nových léků pro WM. Výsledky: Z klasických chemoterapeutik se nyní za nejúčinnější lék v kombinaci s rituximabem považuje bendamustin, který dosahuje dlouhodobější léčebné odpovědi než cyklofosfamid s rituximabem a dexametazonem. Mnoho léků používaných pro léčbu mnohočetného myelomu (MM), má dobrou účinnost také u WM. Bortezomib je vysoce účinný, ale neurotoxicita tohoto léku u WM je vyšší než u MM. Novější léky ze skupiny inhibitorů proteazomu, ixazomib a karfilzomib, s nižší neurotoxicitou jsou lépe tolerovány u WM, jak bylo prokázáno v několika studiích. Nové typy antiCD20 monoklonálních protilátek jsou přínosem obzvláště v případech intolerance rituximabu. Pět našich pacientů netolerujících rituximab ukončilo léčbu kombinací bendamustinu a obinutuzumabu. Všichni pacienti léčení touto kombinací dosáhli hlubší léčebné odpovědi po obinutuzumabu a bendamustinu, než bylo dosaženo v přechozích léčebných liniích. Registrace prvního perorálního inhibitoru Brutonovy tyrozinkinázy (BTK) ibrutinibu pro monoterapii či kombinaci s rituximabem rozšířilo léčebné možnosti u pacientů refrakterních k iniciální léčbě. Nové léky ze skupiny inhibitorů BTK (akalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, vekabrutinib) byly již u této nemoci testovány a ukázalo se, že mají nižší toxicitu při srovnatelném léčebném účinku. Kardiální komplikace typu fibrilace síní byly méně časté. A nově je testován také BCL2 inhibitor venetoklax. Závěr: Nová antiCD20 protilátka (obinutuzumab) je přínosem pro pacienty s WM s intolerancí rituximabu stejně jako bendamustin a nové inhibitory proteazomu (ixazomib a karfilzomib) nebo nové inhibitory BTK s nižší toxicitou. Mnoho z výše zmíněných léků nemá oficiální registraci pro WM a lze je podat pouze se souhlasem plátce zdravotní péče, proto tento text přináší důkazy o jejich účinnosti.
Background: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M monoclonal protein. The incidence of this disease is very low (0.4/100,000), so that this disease can be regarded as an orphan’s disease. It means that new drugs are often tested and registered for more frequent diseases. Purpose: In this review we will focus on the efficacy of the new drugs for WM. Results: The current treatment options for symptomatic WM patients include alkylating agent cyclophosphamide and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Therapy with rituximab and bendamustin resulted in longer therapeutic response then therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Many drugs, used in multiple myeloma (MM), shoved promising results in WM patients. Bortezomib is effective in WM, but its neurotoxicity is higher in WM than in MM patients. Therefore, new proteasome inhibitors, carfilzomib and ixazomib, are better tolerated as documented in several studies. New types of antiCD20 antibody (obinutuzumab) can be used in patients with rituximab intolerance. in five of our patients with WM, obinutuzumab and bendamustin reached deeper responses than therapies administered in previous lines of therapy. Oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib alone and in combination with rituximab have extended the treatment options for WM patients. New BTK inhibitors (e. g. acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, and vecabrutinib) were tested and their lower toxicity (atrial fibrillation) was documented. Moreover, the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax is newly tested. Conclusion: New antiCD20 antibody (obinutuzumab) is of advantage in patients with WM with rituximab intolerance as well as bendamustin and new proteasome inhibitors (ixazomib and carfilzomib) or new BTK inhibitors with lower cardiotoxicity. Many of the abovementioned drugs do not have official registration for WM and can be administrated with the consent of the health care provider only. Thus, this work brings evidence of their efficacy.
- Klíčová slova
- karfilzomib, ibrutinib, bendamustine, obinutuzumab, ixazomib,
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- bendamustin hydrochlorid farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
- Waldenströmova makroglobulinemie * diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
