X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is the most potent human inhibitor of apoptosis, and is also involved in NOD2-dependent NFκB and MAPK signalling cascade activation. The absence or defective function of XIAP leads to the development of a rare and severe primary immunodeficiency known as X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP-2), which is characterized by a triad of clinical manifestations, including a high incidence of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphoproliferation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually with very early onset. Here, we present a novel XIAP mutation identified in a patient with atypical adult-onset IBD complicated by relapsing HLH, splenomegaly and sarcoid-like disease. The c.266delA mutation in the XIAP gene creates a premature stop codon, and causes a severe reduction in XIAP protein expression. The mutation is also associated with impaired spontaneous and staurosporine- and PMA-induced apoptosis accompanied by significantly increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes. We also confirmed the negative impact of this particular XIAP mutation on NOD2-dependent NFκB and MAPK activation, while NOD2-independent activation was found to be unaffected. Moreover, we assume that the mutation has an impact on the overproduction of IL-12 and IFNγ, the shift towards the Th1 immune response and increased numbers of central memory and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. All these changes contribute to immune dysregulation and the clinical manifestation of XLP-2.

• MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Idiopatické střevní záněty jsou heterogenní skupinou chronických zánětlivých onemocnění gastrointestinálního traktu multifaktoriální etiologie. Podle charakteru postižení je dělíme na Crohnovu chorobu a ulcerózní kolitidu. Onemocnění se obvykle rozvíjí ve věku 15–35 let. Specifickou skupinou jsou pacienti pod 10 let věku. V této věkové skupině mívá onemocnění častěji atypický a těžký průběh, spojený s nedostatečnou odpovědí na standardní terapii včetně TNFα inhibitorů, větší prevalencí vážných komplikací a horší prognózou. U těchto pacientů je také vyšší pravděpodobnost odhalení monogenní etiologie. Jedná se převážně o geny s důležitými regulačními funkcemi. Jejich narušení vede k dysregulaci imunitního systému, rozvoji chronického zánětu a mnoha dalším komplikacím, zahrnujícím širokou škálu infekčních i neinfekčních projevů patřících do obrazu primárních imunodeficiencí. Včasná a správná diagnóza je ale v těchto případech klíčová. Umožňuje nám u celé řady z nich zahájení specifické nebo kauzální terapie, která má vliv na snížení závažných komplikací. Z tohoto pohledu je tedy spolupráce gastroenterologa a imunologa klíčová. V následujícím přehledu uvádíme vybrané monogenní primární imunodeficience, které se manifestují především postižením gastrointestinálního traktu. Závěrem jsou prezentovány dvě kazuistiky z našeho pracoviště.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory disorders with multifactorial ethilogy. They may be assigned as Crohn's disease or as Ulcerative colitis. It is usually manifested between 15–30 years of age. Patients younger than 10 years are specific group with higher risk of the atypical and serisus course of the disease, insufficient response to treatment including TNFα inhibitors, higher prevalence of severe complications and siginificantly poorer prognosis. Moreover, there is also significantly increased probability to reveal monogenic ethiology, which is very often associated with the genes having important regulatory function. Their dysfunction may lead to imune system dysregulation, development of chronic inflammation and broad spectrum of infectious and non-infectious complications belonging to the clinical picture of primary immunodeficiencies From this point of view, the early and appropriate diagnosis is crucial and allows us the initiation of specific or causal therapy in a number of them. This approach leads to reduction a prevention of severe complications. Here, the collaboration of a gastroenterologist and a clinical immunologist is crucial. The selected monogenic primary immunodeficincies manifesting particularly with gastrointestinal tract involvement are presented in following summary. Finally, two case reports from our department are presented.

• MeSH
• antigen CTLA-4 nedostatek   MeSH
• chronická granulomatózní nemoc genetika   komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc diagnóza   etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• forkhead transkripční faktory genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty * etiologie   imunologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 nedostatek   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfohistiocytóza hemofagocytární diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lymfoproliferativní nemoci komplikace   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• primární imunodeficience * diagnóza   genetika   komplikace   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy genetika   nedostatek   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Despite the selectivity of Tumor necrosis factor Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) for cancer cell killing activity, breast cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis for various reasons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a functionally-characterized small-molecule dataset, CGP74514A was identified as a TRAIL sensitizer in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Combination of sub-toxic dose of TRAIL with CGP74514A was evaluated in three TRAIL-resistant breast cancer cells, MCF-7, T47D and SK-BR-3. RESULTS: In all tested cells, CGP74514A enhanced TRAIL sensitivity. Combination treatment triggered apoptotic events faster than single treatment. Regarding its mechanism of action, CGP74514A reduced cytosolic X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown experiments showed that reduction of XIAP is the reason of sensitization. CONCLUSION: CGP74514A sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL via reduction of XIAP expression level.

• MeSH
• 2-aminopurin aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• down regulace účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• MFC-7 buňky MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory prsu farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• protein TRAIL aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie farmakologie   MeSH
• synergismus léků MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid present in fish oil, may exert cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects on colon cancer cells when applied individually or in combination with some anticancer drugs. Here we demonstrate a selective ability of subtoxic doses of DHA to enhance antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of clinically useful cytokine TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand) in cancer but not normal human colon cells. DHA-mediated stimulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis was associated with extensive engagement of mitochondrial pathway (Bax/Bak activation, drop of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release), activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response (CHOP upregulation, changes in PERK level), decrease of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP, cIAP1) levels and significant changes in sphingolipid metabolism (intracellular levels of ceramides, hexosyl ceramides, sphingomyelines, sphingosines; HPLC/MS/MS). Interestingly, we found significant differences in representation of various classes of ceramides (especially C16:0, C24:1) between the cancer and normal colon cells treated with DHA and TRAIL, and suggested their potential role in the regulation of the cell response to the drug combination. These study outcomes highlight the potential of DHA for a new combination therapy with TRAIL for selective elimination of colon cancer cells via simultaneous targeting of multiple steps in apoptotic pathways.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• cytochromy c sekrece   MeSH
• inhibitory apoptózy MeSH
• kinasa eIF-2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránový potenciál mitochondrií účinky léků   MeSH
• mitochondrie účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory tračníku genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• protein Bak genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• protein TRAIL farmakologie   MeSH
• protein X asociovaný s bcl-2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
• sfingolipidy chemie   klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• stres endoplazmatického retikula účinky léků   MeSH
• synergismus léků MeSH
• transkripční faktor CHOP genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 9 have been developed as potential anticancer drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma. We have previously prepared a library of arylazo-3,5-diaminopyrazole inhibitors of CDKs. Here, we describe a novel member, AAP1742 (CDK9 inhibition with IC(50) = 0.28 μm), that reduces the viability of multiple myeloma cell lines in low micromolar concentrations. Consistent with inhibition of CDK9, AAP1742 decreases the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II and inhibits mRNA synthesis of anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and XIAP, followed by apoptosis in the RPMI-8226 cell line in a dose- and a time-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the biochemical profile of AAP1742 and further suggest cellular inhibition of CDK9 as a possible target for anticancer drugs.

• MeSH
• aktivace enzymů účinky léků   MeSH
• antitumorózní látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• azosloučeniny chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cyklin-dependentní kinasa 9 antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• down regulace účinky léků   MeSH
• fosforylace účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• protein MCL-1 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• pyrazoly chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II metabolismus   MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The intrinsic apoptosis pathway represents an important mechanism of stress-induced death of cancer cells. To gain insight into the functional status of the apoptosome apparatus in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), we studied its sensitivity to activation, the assembly of apoptosome complexes and stability of their precursors, and the importance of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) in the regulation of apoptosome activity, using cell-free cytosols from NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC tumours and lungs from 62 surgically treated patients. Treatment of cytosol samples with cytochrome c (cyt-c) and dATP induced proteolytic processing of procaspase-9 to caspase-9, which was followed by procaspase-3 processing to caspase-3, and by generation of caspase-3-like activity in 5 of 7 studied NSCLC cell lines. Further analysis demonstrated formation of high-Mr Apaf-1 complexes associated with cleaved caspase-9 in the (cyt-c + dATP)-responsive COLO-699 and CALU-1 cells. By contrast, in A549 cells, Apaf-1 and procaspase-9 co-eluted in the high-Mr fractions, indicating formation of an apoptosome complex unable of procaspase-9 processing. Thermal pre-treatment of cell-free cytosols in the absence of exogenous cyt-c and dATP lead to formation of Apaf-1 aggregates, unable to recruit and activate procaspase-9 in the presence of cyt-c and dATP, and to generate caspase‑3‑like activity. Further studies showed that the treatment with cyt-c and dATP induced a substantially higher increase of caspase-3-like activity in cytosol samples from NSCLC tumours compared to matched lungs. Tumour histology, grade and stage had no significant impact on the endogenous and the (cyt-c + dATP)-induced caspase-3-like activity. Upon addition into the cytosol, the XIAP-neutralizing peptides AVPIAQK and ATPFQEG only moderately heightened the (cyt-c + dATP)-induced caspase‑3‑like activity in some NSCLC tumours. Taken together, the present study provides evidence that the apoptosome apparatus is functional in the majority of NSCLCs and that its sensitivity to the (cyt-c + dATP)-mediated activation is often enhanced in NSCLCs compared to lungs. They also indicate that XIAP does not frequently and effectively suppress the activity of apoptosome apparatus in NSCLCs.

• MeSH
• apoptóza * účinky léků   MeSH
• cytochromy c farmakologie   MeSH
• cytosol metabolismus   MeSH
• deoxyadeninnukleotidy farmakologie   MeSH
• faktor 1 aktivující apoptotickou proteasu metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitory kaspas farmakologie   MeSH
• kaspasa 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• kaspasa 9 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory plic metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• plíce cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

X-linked lymphoproliferative syndromes (XLP) are primary immunodeficiencies characterized by a particular vulnerability toward Epstein-Barr virus infection, frequently resulting in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). XLP type 1 (XLP-1) is caused by mutations in the gene SH2D1A (also named SAP), whereas mutations in the gene XIAP underlie XLP type 2 (XLP-2). Here, a comparison of the clinical phenotypes associated with XLP-1 and XLP-2 was performed in cohorts of 33 and 30 patients, respectively. HLH (XLP-1, 55%; XLP-2, 76%) and hypogammaglobulinemia (XLP-1, 67%; XLP-2, 33%) occurred in both groups. Epstein-Barr virus infection in XLP-1 and XLP-2 was the common trigger of HLH (XLP-1, 92%; XLP-2, 83%). Survival rates and mean ages at the first HLH episode did not differ for both groups, but HLH was more severe with lethal outcome in XLP-1 (XLP-1, 61%; XLP-2, 23%). Although only XLP-1 patients developed lymphomas (30%), XLP-2 patients (17%) had chronic hemorrhagic colitis as documented by histopathology. Recurrent splenomegaly often associated with cytopenia and fever was preferentially observed in XLP-2 (XLP-1, 7%; XLP-2, 87%) and probably represents minimal forms of HLH as documented by histopathology. This first phenotypic comparison of XLP subtypes should help to improve the diagnosis and the care of patients with XLP conditions.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• imunoenzymatické techniky MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny genetika   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfoproliferativní nemoci diagnóza   genetika   terapie   MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, survivin and X-chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), contribute to apoptosis resistance of cancer cells, and an increase in their expression may elevate the apoptotic threshold of malignant tumours during their growth and progression. In the present study, we investigated the expression status of survivin and its interactants hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) and XIAP in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and NSCLC tumours and matched lungs from surgically treated patients in relation to their clinicopathological data. The expression of survivin, HBXIP and XIAP mRNAs was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of survivin and XIAP proteins was analysed by Western blotting and ELISA. Survivin mRNA and protein levels were highly upregulated in NSCLC cells and tissues as compared to the lungs. In fact, the levels of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumours were more than 10-fold higher in 96 (64%) and 72 (82%) of the 150 and 88 examined NSCLC patients, respectively. The expression of survivin mRNA was higher in squamous cell lung carcinomas than in lung adenocarcinomas (LACs; P=0.003) and in less-differentiated tumours than in well-differentiated ones (P=0.007). The level of survivin protein was higher in stage IB and stage II+III tumours (P=0.049 and P=0.044), than in stage IA tumours. The BIRC5 promoter polymorphism at nucleotide -31 did not influence the expression of survivin mRNA and protein in NSCLC cells and tumours. HBXIP mRNA was abundantly expressed in NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC tumours and lungs, while its level was comparable in the tumours and lungs. The expression of XIAP mRNA in NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC tumours and lungs was not significantly different. However, the expression of XIAP protein was higher in NSCLC tumours, particularly in LACs, as compared to the lungs (P=0.017 and P=0.004). In conclusion, the overexpression of survivin in the majority of NSCLCs together with the abundant or upregulated expression of HBXIP and XIAP suggest that tumours are endowed with resistance against a variety of apoptosis-inducing conditions.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční biosyntéza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• inhibitory apoptózy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA analýza   MeSH
• nádory plic metabolismus   MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic metabolismus   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly biosyntéza   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy biosyntéza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH