While foreign body aspiration remains a frequent and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children, recommendations on the appropriate removal technique do often not match the lived practice and expertise of the performing examiners. As there is a scarcity of data regarding success and complication rates of the procedure, the aim of this study was to set up a classification system for procedure-related complications, prospectively record and analyze them. Specialists in the field of foreign body removal contributed cases anonymously. Information regarding procedural details of the bronchoscopy, type, and severity of complications as well as patient characteristics were classified and recorded. Correlations were calculated using Pearson's Chi Square test. A total of 314 rigid and 178 flexible bronchoscopies were compared. Complications were categorized and their severity was defined by the anesthesiologist's assessment of whether to interrupt or terminate the procedure. The overall complication rate was similar in rigid vs. flexible bronchoscopy (19.1% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.232), while respiratory complications occurred significantly less frequent during rigid bronchoscopy (9.2% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.025). This is the largest pediatric case collection recording and comparing complications between rigid and flexible foreign body removal. The higher rate of respiratory complications in flexible bronchoscopy has been shown for the first time and validates some of the concerns about its use for foreign body removal. Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe procedure when extended respiratory monitoring and the possibility of an immediate switch to a secured airway are assured.

• MeSH
• aspirace do dýchacích cest MeSH
• bronchoskopie metody   MeSH
• bronchy MeSH
• cizí tělesa * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dýchací soustava MeSH
• endoskopy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cryotherapy in interventional bronchoscopy is a new treatment modality, which has recently been made available for the paediatric airway. Lack of experience and safety concerns have led to hesitant adaptation. The aim of this study was to assess indications, success rates and complications of airway cryotherapy in children. METHODS: Bronchoscopists from medical centre performing cryotherapy in patients between 0 and 18 years were invited to participate in a prospective study based on an online questionnaire. Patient and participant data were collected between June 2020 and June 2021. RESULTS: A total of 69 cryotherapy procedures were performed in 57 patients a for three main indications: Biopsy (30), restoration of airway patency (23) and foreign body aspiration (16). The overall success rate was 93%, the remaining 7% were performed for foreign body removal and required a switch of technique. Restoration of airway patency was successfully applied in various pathologies, including mucus plugs, bronchial casts and post traumatic stenosis. The diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsies was 96%. No severe complications were encountered; one pneumothorax following a cryobiopsy required a chest drain for 48 h. No child was admitted to intensive care or died from a procedural complication. CONCLUSION: In this largest paediatric case collection to date, cryotherapy was safe and carried a high success rate. Cryobiopsy compares favourably to the widely used forceps biopsy and could replace it in the future. Paediatric bronchoscopists are encouraged to add cryotherapy to their armamentarium of airway interventions.

• MeSH
• bronchoskopie * škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• bronchy MeSH
• cizí tělesa * etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kryoterapie škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Air pollution caused by road traffic has an unfavorable impact on the environment and also on human health. It has previously been shown, that complete gasoline emissions lead to toxic effects in cell models originating from human airways. Here we focused on extractable organic matter (EOM) from particulate matter, collected from gasoline emissions from fuels with different ethanol content. We performed cytotoxicity evaluation, quantification of mucin and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA breaks detection, and selected gene deregulation analysis, after one and five days of exposure of human bronchial epithelial model (BEAS-2B) and a 3D model of the human airway (MucilAirTM). Our data suggest that the longer exposure had more pronounced effects on the parameters of cytotoxicity and mucin production, while the impacts on ROS generation and DNA integrity were limited. In both cell models the expression of CYP1A1 was induced, regardless of the exposure period or EOM tested. Several other genes, including FMO2, IL1A, or TNF, were deregulated depending on the exposure time. In conclusion, ethanol content in the fuels did not significantly impact the toxicity of EOM. Biological effects were mostly linked to xenobiotics metabolism and inflammatory response. BEAS-2B cells were more sensitive to the treatment.

• MeSH
• benzin * MeSH
• bronchy cytologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 genetika   MeSH
• epitelové buňky účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• histony metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-1alfa genetika   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxygenasy genetika   MeSH
• pevné částice toxicita   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky léků   MeSH
• TNF-alfa genetika   MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We hereby present a case report of airway compression due to descending aortic aneurysm occurred to 71-year-old female with 1-month progressive dyspnoea, haemoptysis, and cough without any fever. Her past medical history included repeated respiratory infections, chronic cough, an admission to the hospital 2 years ago due to left-side pneumonia. A dilatation of the ascending aorta and kinking of the descending aorta with compression of the left main stem bronchus was detected by the computed tomography. Stenting of the bronchial lumen had failed, and the patient was indicated for surgery, the descending aorta replacement had been performed. Left main stem bronchus compression of descending aorta kinking is a very rare pathology. Surgery was the only possible treatment.

Představujeme kazuistiku 71leté pacientky s kompresí levého hlavního bronchu aneurysmatem descendentní aorty, která se projevila progresivní dušností, kašlem a hemoptýzou bez přítomnosti teploty. Osobní anamnéza pacientky zahrnuje opakované respirační infekce, chronický kašel, hospitalizaci pro levostrannou pneumonii. Během CT vyšetření bylo zjištěno aneurysma ascendentní aorty, dilatace a kinking descendentní aorty s útlakem levého hlavního bronchu. Zavedení stentu do bronchiálního lumen nemělo úspěch, proto byl u pacientky indikován chirurgický výkon, kdy byla provedena náhrada descendentní aorty. Útlak hlavního bronchu aneurysmatem a kinkingem aorty je velice vzácnou patologií. Jedinou možností léčby byl chirurgický zákrok. © 2021, ČKS.

• Klíčová slova
• komprese bronchu,
• MeSH
• aortální aneurysma * chirurgie   komplikace   MeSH
• bronchy patologie   MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Sphingolipids (SLs), glycosphingolipids (GSLs), and eicosanoids are bioactive lipids, which play important roles in the etiology of various diseases, including cancer. However, their content and roles in cancer cells, and in particular in the exosomes derived from tumor cells, remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we evaluated alterations of SL and GSL levels in transformed cells and their exosomes, using comparative HPLC-MS/MS analysis of parental human bronchial epithelial cells HBEC-12KT and their derivative, benzo[a]pyrene-transformed HBEC-12KT-B1 cells with the acquired mesenchymal phenotype. We examined in parallel SL/GSL contents in the exosomes released from both cell lines. We found significant alterations of the SL/GSL profile in the transformed cell line, which corresponded well with alterations of the SL/GSL profile in exosomes derived from these cells. This suggested that a majority of SLs and GSLs were transported by exosomes in the same relative pattern as in the cells of origin. The only exceptions included decreased contents of sphingosin, sphingosin-1-phosphate, and lactosylceramide in exosomes derived from the transformed cells, as compared with the exosomes derived from the parental cell line. Importantly, we found increased levels of ceramide phosphate, globoside Gb3, and ganglioside GD3 in the exosomes derived from the transformed cells. These positive modulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other pro-carcinogenic processes might thus also contribute to cancer progression in recipient cells. In addition, the transformed HBEC-12KT-B1 cells also produced increased amounts of eicosanoids, in particular prostaglandin E2. Taken together, the exosomes derived from the transformed cells with specifically upregulated SL and GSL species, and increased levels of eicosanoids, might contribute to changes within the cancer microenvironment and in recipient cells, which could in turn participate in cancer development. Future studies should address specific roles of individual SL and GSL species identified in the present study.

• MeSH
• benzopyren toxicita   MeSH
• bronchy cytologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• exozómy metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorová transformace buněk * MeSH
• respirační sliznice účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• sfingolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has refocused attention to the betacoronaviruses, only eight years after the emergence of another zoonotic betacoronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). While the wild source of SARS-CoV-2 may be disputed, for MERS-CoV, dromedaries are considered as source of zoonotic human infections. Testing 100 immune-response genes in 121 dromedaries from United Arab Emirates (UAE) for potential association with present MERS-CoV infection, we identified candidate genes with important functions in the adaptive, MHC-class I (HLA-A-24-like) and II (HLA-DPB1-like), and innate immune response (PTPN4, MAGOHB), and in cilia coating the respiratory tract (DNAH7). Some of these genes previously have been associated with viral replication in SARS-CoV-1/-2 in humans, others have an important role in the movement of bronchial cilia. These results suggest similar host genetic pathways associated with these betacoronaviruses, although further work is required to better understand the MERS-CoV disease dynamics in both dromedaries and humans.

• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita genetika   MeSH
• bronchy cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• cilie fyziologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 genetika   imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• koronavirové infekce genetika   imunologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• koronavirus MERS imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• objevující se infekční nemoci genetika   imunologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita genetika   MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• replikace viru genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• respirační sliznice cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• velbloudi genetika   imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci virologie   MeSH
• zoonózy genetika   imunologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené arabské emiráty MeSH

• MeSH
• bronchy anatomie a histologie   krevní zásobení   MeSH
• dýchací soustava * anatomie a histologie   embryologie   imunologie   krevní zásobení   patofyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• dýchání MeSH
• fyziologie dýchací soustavy MeSH
• hypoxie etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediastinum anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• pleura anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• plíce anatomie a histologie   krevní zásobení   MeSH
• plicní ventilace fyziologie   MeSH
• poměr plicní ventilace a perfuze MeSH
• respirační transport fyziologie   MeSH
• trachea anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (ICP) is widely distributed in Asia; however, compared with other rodents, little is known about the structures of its respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphology of the lower respiratory portion of the ICP to provide a basis for the identification of the normal structure of this organ. The larynx, trachea and lungs of four carcasses of adult Indian crested porcupines (two males and two females) were dissected and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The gross anatomy and histology of all specimens were evaluated. A macroscopic evaluation showed unique structures in the ICP respiratory system, including the presence of a chamber-like structure at the origin of the bronchi and a difference in epiglottis shape between males and females. Histologically, the stratified squamous epithelium covered the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covered the internal part of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Histomorphological studies showed a few goblet cells in the tracheal epithelium. In the bronchi and larger bronchioles, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia were observed. Bronchi were surrounded by segments of cartilage. Distal bronchioles had a simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with club (Clara) cells, lacked cartilaginous tissue in their walls and had a complete smooth muscle layer. These results revealed histomorphological differences between the ICP and other rodents.

• MeSH
• bronchy MeSH
• dikobrazovití a urzonovití * MeSH
• epitel MeSH
• plíce MeSH
• trachea MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Gasoline engine emissions have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and represent a significant health risk. In this study, we used MucilAir™, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the human airway, and BEAS-2B, cells originating from the human bronchial epithelium, grown at the air-liquid interface to assess the toxicity of ordinary gasoline exhaust produced by a direct injection spark ignition engine. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), production of mucin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenylate kinase (AK) activities were analyzed after one day and five days of exposure. The induction of double-stranded DNA breaks was measured by the detection of histone H2AX phosphorylation. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the modulation of expression of the relevant 370 genes. The exposure to gasoline emissions affected the integrity, as well as LDH and AK leakage in the 3D model, particularly after longer exposure periods. Mucin production was mostly decreased with the exception of longer BEAS-2B treatment, for which a significant increase was detected. DNA damage was detected after five days of exposure in the 3D model, but not in BEAS-2B cells. The expression of CYP1A1 and GSTA3 was modulated in MucilAir™ tissues after 5 days of treatment. In BEAS-2B cells, the expression of 39 mRNAs was affected after short exposure, most of them were upregulated. The five days of exposure modulated the expression of 11 genes in this cell line. In conclusion, the ordinary gasoline emissions induced a toxic response in MucilAir™. In BEAS-2B cells, the biological response was less pronounced, mostly limited to gene expression changes.

• MeSH
• adenylátkinasa metabolismus   MeSH
• bronchy cytologie   MeSH
• dvouřetězcové zlomy DNA MeSH
• elektrická impedance MeSH
• epitelové buňky účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• L-laktátdehydrogenasa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muciny metabolismus   MeSH
• testy toxicity metody   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Respiratory infections are a real threat for humans, and therefore the pig model is of interest for studies. As one of a case for studies, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) caused infections and still worries many pig breeders around the world. To better understand the influence of pathogenic effect of APP on a respiratory system-lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), we aimed to employ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF MSI). In this study, six pigs were intranasally infected by APP and two were used as non-infected control, and 48 cryosections have been obtained. MALDI-TOF MSI and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to study spatial distribution of infectious markers, especially interleukins, in cryosections of porcine tissues of lungs (necrotic area, marginal zone) and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) from pigs infected by APP. CD163, interleukin 1β (IL‑1β) and a protegrin-4 precursor were successfully detected based on their tryptic fragments. CD163 and IL‑1β were confirmed also by IHC. The protegrin-4 precursor was identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF directly on the tissue cryosections. CD163, IL‑1β and protegrin‑4 precursor were all significantly (p < 0.001) more expressed in necrotic areas of lungs infected by APP than in marginal zone, TBLN and in control lungs.

• MeSH
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae patogenita   MeSH
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• bronchy metabolismus   MeSH
• CD antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Actinobacillus metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interleukin-1beta metabolismus   MeSH
• kationické antimikrobiální peptidy metabolismus   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny metabolismus   MeSH
• plíce metabolismus   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH