Článek se zabývá dvěma tématy v oblasti augmentativní a alternativní komunikace (AAK), která jsou důležitá pro zavádění aktivní komunikace uživatelů - jádrovou slovní zásobou a modelováním. Využití jádrové slovní zásoby umožňuje uživateli komplexnější vyjadřování v řadě komunikačních situací, rozšíření komunikace i o jiné nástroje, než je jen žádost. Zavádí užívání vět a zapojuje více slovních druhů, a to vše jak v manuálních znacích, tak v komunikaci pomocí symbolů. Modelování pak představuje nejpřirozenější metodu "nácviku" dorozumívání pomocí AAK, kdy komunikaci pomocí metod AAK uživateli předvádí a ukazuje jeho okolí v každodenních situacích.

The article deals with two topics of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), which are important for the implementation of active user communication - core vocabulary and modelling. Use of the core vocabulary allows an AAC user to express him-/herself more comprehensively in many communication opportunities and to extend communication to situations other than mere requests. It introduces the use of sentences and expands the vocabulary in both manual signs and symbol communication. Modelling represents the most natural method of "training" communication using AAC, during which ACC methods are demonstrated to the user by his/her communication partners in everyday situations.

• Klíčová slova
• jádrová slovní zásoba,
• MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pomůcky pro komunikaci postižených * MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Age of acquisition (AoA) is presumed to reflect the age or relative order in which words are learned, but is often measured using adult ratings or adult-reported observations and might thus reflect more about the adult language than about the acquisition process. Objective AoA estimates are often limited to words whose referents can be shown in pictures. We created a corpus-derived AoA estimate based on first word occurrences in a longitudinal corpus of child English, and evaluated its reliability and validity against other measures of AoA. Then we used these different measures as concurrent predictors of adult lexical decision times. Our results showed adequate reliability and good relations with other AoA measures, especially with parent-reported AoA (r = 0.56). Corpus AoA did not predict unique variance in lexical decision times, while adult AoA ratings and parent-reported AoA did. We argue that this pattern is due to two factors. First, the adult AoA ratings and parent-reported AoA are confounded with adult memory, lexical processing and reading difficulty variables. Second, the adult AoA ratings are related to actual age of acquisition only for words acquired during later preschool and school age. Our analyses support the utility of corpus-derived AoA estimates as an objective measure of acquisition age, especially for early-acquired words.

• MeSH
• čtení MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• učení MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vývoj řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Purpose This study examined two markers of language impairment (LI) in a single experiment, testing sentence imitation and grammatical morphology production using an imitation task with masked morphemes. One goal was to test predictions of the morphological richness account of LI in Czech. We also tested the independent contributions of language and memory skills to sentence imitation performance. Method Seventeen children with LI (5;1-7;6 [years;months]) and 17 vocabulary-matched typically developing (TD) children (3;8-4;11) were administered a sentence imitation task where each sentence had one noun or verb ending replaced by a coughing sound. In addition, a receptive vocabulary and the digit span (backward and forward) tasks were administered. Results Children with LI were significantly less accurate than TD children in sentence imitation task. Both vocabulary and digit span had unique effects on sentence imitation scores. Children with LI were less successful in imitating the target words, especially verbs. However, if they succeeded, their completions of the masked morphemes were no less accurate than in TD children. The accuracy of completions was affected by the morpheme frequency and homophony, but these effects were similar in TD and affected children. Conclusions Sentence imitation is a measure of language skills and verbal memory. Results on morpheme completions are consistent with processing models of LI, but some predictions of the morphological richness model were not confirmed. The results suggest that children with LI might have a deficit in organizing morphosyntactic relations in sentences, rather than in morphological processing proper.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• jazykové testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• napodobovací chování * MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• vývojové poruchy řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Children with early language delays are at increased risk of persistent language impairment. Early identification and intervention are desirable. Parent-report inventories are useful screening tools, but the screening context places limits at their length. Validity of parent-report screening tools in languages other than English has been rarely reported in detail. AIMS: The aim was to establish the concurrent validity of an existing 40-item parent-report vocabulary screening tool in Czech, using a picture-based examiner-administered comprehension and production task as a concurrent measure of vocabulary. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Parents of 200 children aged 1;3 to 3;6 were given the screening inventory, in which they were asked if their child says or comprehends each of 40 words. At the same time, children were administered a picture-based comprehension and production task. Concurrent validity of the inventory was examined using correlations, partial correlations, and regression analyses controlling for age. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The partial Spearman correlation (controlling for age) between production scores from parent-report and production scores from the examiner-administered task was 0.53; for comprehension, the correlation between parent report and test scores was 0.36. These values are similar to those reported for short and full versions of MacArthur-Bates CDI for 2-year-olds. CONCLUSION & IMPLICATIONS: A 40-item tool shows clear concurrent relations with an examiner-administered picture comprehension and production task. The study demonstrates that short parent-report tools may be useful in early identification of language impairments, and they may be a good option particularly in languages that have limited repertoire of assessment instruments.

• MeSH
• dětská řeč * MeSH
• jazykové testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• slovní zásoba * MeSH
• vývojové poruchy řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Článek “Vývoj slovní zásoby u dětí s mentálním postižením” odhaluje některé momenty v práci logopeda v jedné ze speciálních škol v Litvě. S menšími studenty máme individuální terapie; přestože skupiny nejsou velké, i práce se čtyřmi dětmi představuje pro logopeda výzvu. Jelikož je komunikace zásadní pro lidskou bytost, logoped musí pracovat na rozšiřování slovní zásoby každého studenta, a to i těch se středním a těžkým mentálním postižením (nebo v kombinaci s poruchami autistického spektra).Tato studie si dává za cíl určit možnosti rozšiřování slovní zásoby. Výsledky ukázaly efekt vybraných metod využívaných logopedem, přestože nejsou příliš výrazné vzhledem k charakteristice studentů.

The article "Development of Vocabulary in Children with Intellectual Disabilities" is intended to reveal some incidences in a Speech Therapist's work in one of the special schools in Latvia. Individual sessions are held for younger children. Although groups are not large, working with even four students is a challenge for the Speech Therapist. As communication is essential for humans, the Speech Therapist must work towards the enrichment of the vocabulary of every student, even those with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities (or in combination with Autism Spectrum Disorder).

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mentální retardace MeSH
• poruchy autistického spektra MeSH
• řečová terapie * metody   MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Tato studie si klade za cíl prozkoumat rozsah produktivní slovní zásoby a kvalitu vyjadřování u českých monolingvních dětí s vývojovou dysfázií ve srovnání s dětmi intaktními v době před nástupem do prvního ročníku základní školy. K výzkumnému šetření byl vytvořen původní test aktivní slovní zásoby zaměřený na substantiva, adjektiva a verba. Výsledná data ukazují, že oba sledované aspekty verbální produkce se mezi výzkumnými skupinami statisticky významně liší a lze mezi nimi vysledovat velmi těsný korelační vztah. Při podrobnějším zkoumání rozsahu slovní zásoby u jednotlivých slovních druhů se ukázalo, že nejvíce se tento rozsah mezi skupinami participantů liší u adjektiv a nejméně u substantiv.

This study aims to analyse a range of the productive vocabulary and quality of verbal expression in Czech monolingual specific-language-impaired (SLI) preschool children. SLI children ́s pro­duction was also compared to a verbal production of typically developing (age-matched) peers. An assessment tool was developed to measure the range and the quality of children ́s pro­duction of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Both aspects of verbal production (the range and the quality) were also proved to be closely correlated. Research results reveal statistically significant differences between the SLI and a comparison group at both range and the quality of verbal expression. A more detailed examination shows that the differences between SLI and typically developing children ́s pro­duction manifest themselves in the usage of adjectives the most and the least in the usage of nouns.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lingvistika MeSH
• poruchy řeči * psychologie   MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Children acquiring Dutch, French, and Spanish can use gender of articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns. The current study examined whether a similar effect can be found for bound gender-marking agreement morphemes in Czech, a language without obligatory articles. The experiment was designed so that the anticipatory effects of gender-marking morphemes before the head noun onset could be observed. In a preferential looking experiment, 33 children (aged 21-24 months) were shown picture pairs that could be labeled with masculine and feminine nouns. They heard a phrase comprising a demonstrative, an adjective, and a noun, where the first two elements were inflected for gender. The inflections were either correct (matching the noun gender) or incorrect (mismatched). Children were also given offline receptive grammar and vocabulary tasks. The group of children as a whole did not show significant differences in looking behavior between the experimental conditions. When split by the grammar task, the high-scoring children showed significant differences between looks toward the target noun in the matched and mismatched conditions even before the onset of the target noun. No significant difference was observed in the low-scoring group and in the groups split by vocabulary. Results suggest that knowledge of the gender system is just emerging before the second birthday and that more advanced children can use gender information encoded in bound morphemes to actively anticipate the upcoming nouns.

• MeSH
• genderová identita * MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lingvistika MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• slovní zásoba * MeSH
• vývoj řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

We present a new set of subjective Age of Acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in seven languages from various language families and cultural settings: American English, Czech, Scottish Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malaysian Malay, Persian, and Western Armenian. The ratings were collected from a total of 173 participants and were highly reliable in each language. We applied the same method of data collection as used in a previous study on 25 languages which allowed us to create a database of fully comparable AoA ratings of 299 words in 32 languages. We found that in the seven languages not included in the previous study, the words are estimated to be acquired at roughly the same age as in the previously reported languages, i.e. mostly between the ages of 1 and 7 years. We also found that the order of word acquisition is moderately to highly correlated across all 32 languages, which extends our previous conclusion that early words are acquired in similar order across a wide range of languages and cultures.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kultura MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• slovní zásoba * MeSH
• učení MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Purpose The study examined the effects of imageability and phonological neighborhood density on the acquisition of word production in Czech, controlling for part-of-speech class, word length, and word frequency. Phonological neighborhood density is of interest because previous research has not examined highly inflected languages such as Czech. The effects of imageability on word acquisition are widely assumed, but only a few empirical studies examined such effects using child data directly. Method Data from the Czech norming study of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories ( Smolík, Turková, Marušincová, & Malechová, 2017 ) adaptation were used, and all nouns and action words in the data set were examined (total 359). Based on the norming sample of 493 children, the expected age of acquisition was calculated. Results A small but significant effect of neighborhood density (explaining 1.5% of unique variance) was found, as well as a robust effect of imageability (9% of unique variance). Imageability also accounted for the difference between nouns and verbs in the age of acquisition. Conclusion Imageability is a robust predictor of word age of acquisition that should be taken into account in future studies. The identifiability of the referent and the memory mechanisms are likely responsible for the strong imageability effect. Words with large phonological neighborhoods are acquired earlier, even in a language with complex inflectional morphology.

• MeSH
• fonetika * MeSH
• imaginace * MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• slovní zásoba * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vývoj řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Processing of memory is supported by coordinated activity in a network of sensory, association, and motor brain regions. It remains a major challenge to determine where memory is encoded for later retrieval. Here, we used direct intracranial brain recordings from epilepsy patients performing free recall tasks to determine the temporal pattern and anatomical distribution of verbal memory encoding across the entire human cortex. High γ frequency activity (65-115 Hz) showed consistent power responses during encoding of subsequently recalled and forgotten words on a subset of electrodes localized in 16 distinct cortical areas activated in the tasks. More of the high γ power during word encoding, and less power before and after the word presentation, was characteristic of successful recall and observed across multiple brain regions. Latencies of the induced power changes and this subsequent memory effect (SME) between the recalled and forgotten words followed an anatomical sequence from visual to prefrontal cortical areas. Finally, the magnitude of the memory effect was unexpectedly found to be the largest in selected brain regions both at the top and at the bottom of the processing stream. These included the language processing areas of the prefrontal cortex and the early visual areas at the junction of the occipital and temporal lobes. Our results provide evidence for distributed encoding of verbal memory organized along a hierarchical posterior-to-anterior processing stream.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• gama rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• percepce řeči fyziologie   MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• rozpomínání fyziologie   MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH