Vector-borne diseases cause over 700,000 deaths annually and represent 17% of all infectious illnesses worldwide. This public health menace highlights the importance of understanding how arthropod vectors, microbes and their mammalian hosts interact. Currently, an emphasis of the scientific enterprise is at the vector-host interface where human pathogens are acquired and transmitted. At this spatial junction, arthropod effector molecules are secreted, enabling microbial pathogenesis and disease. Extracellular vesicles manipulate signaling networks by carrying proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and regulatory nucleic acids. Therefore, they are well positioned to aid in cell-to-cell communication and mediate molecular interactions. This Review briefly discusses exosome and microvesicle biogenesis, their cargo, and the role that nanovesicles play during pathogen spread, host colonization and disease pathogenesis. We then focus on the role of extracellular vesicles in dictating microbial pathogenesis and host immunity during transmission of vector-borne pathogens.

• MeSH
• amébiáza parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• členovci - vektory * mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Culicidae mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• exozómy imunologie   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• extracelulární vezikuly * imunologie   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• filarióza parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• Hemiptera mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• imunomodulace MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• leishmanióza parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malárie parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• nemoci přenášené vektory * mikrobiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• Psychodidae mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• trypanozomiáza parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• virové nemoci mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Specimens archived in wet collections represent valuable material for scientific research. Here, we show that bat fly (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) samples contain DNA of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, a fungus pathogenic to bats. Using dual-probe quantitative PCR, we detected P. destructans DNA on bat flies collected in the Samara, Sverdlovsk and Irkutsk regions of Russia between 2005 and 2017. Fungal load was significantly lower on bat flies from wet collections than on freshly collected mites in the Czech Republic. The bat pathogen was present in the Samara region (European part of Russia) in 2005, that is, a year before recognition of white-nose syndrome in North America. As Samara and Irkutsk regions were identified as new positive locations of P. destructans, our data expand the known geographic distribution of P. destructans. We conclude that ethanol-stored ectoparasites can be used to identify the presence of pathogens in historic bat populations and understudied geographical regions.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Chiroptera parazitologie   MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity epidemiologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• mykózy epidemiologie   MeSH
• parazitární zátěž MeSH
• uchovávání tkání MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Rusko epidemiologie   MeSH

Borrelia species fall into two groups, the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) complex, the cause of Lyme borreliosis (also known as Lyme disease), and the relapsing fever group. Both groups exhibit inter- and intraspecies diversity and thus have variations in both clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches. A further layer of complexity is derived from the fact that ticks may carry multiple infectious agents and are able to transmit them to the host during blood feeding, with potential overlapping clinical manifestations. Besides this, pathogens like Borrelia have developed strategies to evade the host immune system, which allows them to persist within the host, including humans. Diagnostics can be applied at different times during the clinical course and utilize sample types, each with their own advantages and limitations. These differing methods should always be considered in conjunction with potential exposure and compatible clinical features. Throughout this review, we aim to explore different approaches providing the reader with an overview of methods appropriate for various situations. This review will cover human pathogenic members of Bbsl and relapsing fever borreliae, including newly recognized Borrelia miyamotoi spirochetes.

• MeSH
• Borrelia klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc diagnóza   MeSH
• návratná horečka diagnóza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The genus Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) includes Gram-negative, small, obligate intracellular, nonmotile, pleomorphic coccobacilli bacteria transmitted by arthropods. Some of them cause human and probably also animal disease (life threatening in some patients). In these guidelines, we give clinical practice advices (microscopy, serology, molecular tools, and culture) for the microbiological study of these microorganisms in clinical samples. Since in our environment rickettsioses are mainly transmitted by ticks, practical information for the identification of these arthropods and for the study of Rickettsia infections in ticks has also been added.

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
• Rickettsia izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• rickettsiové infekce diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

BACKGROUND: Ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses that inflict serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. The aim of this paper was to phylogeneticaly characterise a new species of Ehrlichia isolated from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The agent was isolated from the hemolymph of Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus engorged females that had been collected from naturally infested cattle in a farm in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This agent was then established and cultured in IDE8 tick cells. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis was based on 16S rRNA, groEL, dsb, gltA and gp36 genes. We used the maximum likelihood method to construct the phylogenetic trees. RESULTS: The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA, groEL, dsb and gltA showed that the Ehrlichia spp isolated in this study falls in a clade separated from any previously reported Ehrlichia spp. The molecular analysis of the ortholog of gp36, the major immunoreactive glycoproteins in E. canis and ortholog of the E. chaffeensis gp47, showed a unique tandem repeat of 9 amino acids (VPAASGDAQ) when compared with those reported for E. canis, E. chaffeensis and the related mucin-like protein in E. ruminantium. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, groEL, dsb and gltA genes we concluded that this tick-derived microorganism isolated in Brazil is a new species, named E. mineirensis (UFMG-EV), with predicted novel antigenic properties in the gp36 ortholog glycoprotein. Further studies on this new Ehrlichia spp should address questions about its transmissibility by ticks and its pathogenicity for mammalian hosts.

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• Ehrlichia klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• glykoproteiny genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií fyziologie   MeSH
• Rhipicephalus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• zoonózy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A total of 7210 unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 and I. ricinus (L., 1758) ticks were collected from the vegetation by flagging in 35 study sites located in the zone of their sympatry (mainly in Leningrad region, Russia). Borrelia infection in ticks was estimated by the dark-field microscopic analysis of gut contents in standard vital preparations at a magnification of x600. No correlation was revealed between the series of parameters characterising the abundance of each tick species (tau = -0.13) and between the series of these parameters and the prevalence of Borrelia in each vector. It is concluded that in the broad zone of I. persulcatus and I. ricinus sympatry, the presence and proportion of one vector in the ecosystem does not have any significant effect on the extensity of infection and on the epizootic and epidemic significance of the other vector. Each tick species has its independent (of the other species) and relatively original functional role in the focal ecosystem.

• MeSH
• Borrelia burgdorferi komplex izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• klíště mikrobiologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rusko MeSH

In the Czech Republic, the incidence of Lyme borreliosis (LB) has shown a rising trend since 1988. The goal of this study has been to find out to what extent a selected part of population is aware of ticks and of the relationship between ticks and LB. The study was based on a questionnaire survey. A total of 110 respondents were selected, including 19 secondary school students, 32 blood donors, 44 park-goers, 15 countryside people. As many as 99% of the respondents were aware of the presence of ticks, 91% knew that ticks are sucking blood of humans and animals, 1.8% thought they eat leaves. 74.5% of the respondents expect ticks to reach them from the vegetation while 22% believe that ticks fall from the trees. Furthermore, 87% and 75% of the respondents indicated to have had ticks attached to the skin or to have removed a tick from other persons' skin, respectively. Only 6.7% of them had never come into contact with ticks. 17% of the respondents use disinfectant when removing a tick, while 67% use oil for tick removal. Almost 30% remove ticks with naked hands. Over 14% destroy the ticks by squashing them with naked fingers. Finally, about 11% of the population studied had never heard about LB and 41% were not aware of the risk of tick-borne encephalitis.

• MeSH
• členovci - vektory * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klíšťata * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc přenos   MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty přenos   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• zdravotní výchova MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Diptera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• endemické nemoci MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lymeská nemoc epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• riziko MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klíšťata MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc přenos   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty přenos   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• Aedes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• členovci - vektory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Dermacentor mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Francisella tularensis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• klíště mikrobiologie   MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tularemie epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH