Snake fungal disease (SFD) is an emerging disease of conservation concern in eastern North America. Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the causative agent of SFD, has been isolated from over 30 species of wild snakes from six families in North America. Whilst O. ophiodiicola has been isolated from captive snakes outside North America, the pathogen has not been reported from wild snakes elsewhere. We screened 33 carcasses and 303 moulted skins from wild snakes collected from 2010-2016 in Great Britain and the Czech Republic for the presence of macroscopic skin lesions and O. ophiodiicola. The fungus was detected using real-time PCR in 26 (8.6%) specimens across the period of collection. Follow up culture and histopathologic analyses confirmed that both O. ophiodiicola and SFD occur in wild European snakes. Although skin lesions were mild in most cases, in some snakes they were severe and were considered likely to have contributed to mortality. Culture characterisations demonstrated that European isolates grew more slowly than those from the United States, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that isolates from European wild snakes reside in a clade distinct from the North American isolates examined. These genetic and phenotypic differences indicate that the European isolates represent novel strains of O. ophiodiicola. Further work is required to understand the individual and population level impact of this pathogen in Europe.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * klasifikace genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny hub MeSH
- hadi mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci zvířat mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Severní Amerika MeSH
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 24 antibiotics were determined for 45 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains by the microdilution method at 37 and 30 degrees C (after 24 h and 48 h of incubation). The isolates were obtained from mouth swabs and pus of 116 captive snakes whereas the identical strains (based on PFGE) of the same origin were discarded. At 37 degrees C, the isolates showed a low frequency of resistance to levofloxacin (0 and 8.9 % of resistant strains after 24 and 48 h, MICs(50) 0.5 and 1 mg/L, MICs(90) 1 and 2 mg/L) and cotrimoxazole (2.2 % of resistant strains for 24 and 48 h, MICs(50) 4 mg/L for both time periods, MICs(90) 4 and 8). At 30 degrees C, the most effective drugs were also cotrimoxazole (2.2 and 6.7 %, MICs(50) 4 and 8, MICs(90) 8 and 32) and levofloxacin (8.9 and 46.7 %, MICs(50) 1 and 2, MICs(90) 2 and 4). The isolates were either identically or more susceptible to antibiotics than strains acquired from patients hospitalized at Olomouc University Hospital (the same region) with the exception of ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam and ceftazidime.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- hadi mikrobiologie MeSH
- hnisání mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- přenašečství mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- ústa mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
