The uptake of insecticidal Cry1Ab from genetically engineered (GE) maize, via herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi, to a predator Harmonia axyridis and its potential intergenerational transfer were investigated. Cry1Ab concentration was found to be 400-fold lower in R. padi compared to GE maize, and more than two-fold lower in H. axyridis. For 62% of H. axyridis samples, Cry1Ab was under the limit of detection (LOD), for another 13% were under the limit of quantification (LOQ). The concentration of Cry1Ab was similar between H. axyridis exposed short-term and long-term with the exception of adults after long-term. There was no correlation between Cry1Ab in females and eggs and neonates. The performance of H. axyridis was comparable between Cry1Ab and control. Histological investigation did not show any pathological changes in the digestive and reproductive systems. The detected route of exposure is unlikely to be important for functional biological control by H. axyridis in agroecosystem.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- brouci * metabolismus MeSH
- endotoxiny * MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- hemolyziny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kukuřice setá genetika metabolismus MeSH
- larva metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zinc-solubilizing bacteria, namely Burkholderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii (H1 and H3, respectively), able to grow in liquid basal medium supplemented with ZnO, Zn3 (PO4)2, and ZnSO4·7H2O (0.1%), showed plant growth promoting properties. The treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii (H3) solubilizes the ZnO (1.42 ppm), Zn3 (PO4)2 (1.15 ppm), and ZnSO4·7H2O (1.44 ppm).The maximum solubilization of ZnSO4·7H2O (1.42 ppm) was observed in Burkholderia cepacia (H1) after 15 days. Organic acids produced by the bacteria decreased the pH of the medium and helped in Zn solubilization. In pot experiment on maize, Burkholderia cepacia (H1) treatment significantly enhanced plant height and root length in the presence of ZnO (2%) added in 10 mL of inoculum in each pot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of maize root extract showed the presence of oxalic, maleic, tartaric, and fumaric acid after 60 days of the experiment. Bacterial treatments enhanced sugar and protein level in maize plants and were 55.2 and 42.55 µg/mL plant extract, respectively, under mixture of bacterial treatment. Hence, isolates H1 and H3 expressed highest potential throughout the experiments, as zinc solubilizers and plant growth-promoting strains. This study demonstrated that meticulous use of Zn-solubilizing bacterial strains could aid in enhanced plant growth and can be the potential bio-inoculants for biofortification of maize to overcome the problems of malnutrition.
Fungi can improve stover digestibility due to their ability to secrete oxidative enzymes that depolymerize lignin, allowing the rumen microorganisms to access the polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. Some ascomycetes have shown good delignification capability; however, they have been scarcely evaluated for their ability to improve corn stover (CS) ruminal digestibility. We evaluated the laccase induction by CS of the CMU-196 strain of the ascomycete fungus Didymosphaeria sp. (syn. = Paraconiothyrium sp.). Also, we analyzed the capacity of such strain to modify the cell wall of CS and to improve its digestion by the ruminal microbiota. The CMU-196 strain showed a maximum extracellular laccase activity of 39.74 ± 0.24 U/L when an aqueous stover extract (SE, 10% v/v) was added to the growth medium. The addition of ground stover (GS, 2% w/v) increased the activity to a maximum of 262.27 ± 0.58 U/L. In solid-state fermentation (SSF) assays of GS, the strain degrades cell walls, destabilizing the vessels and tracheids of plant biomass; the protein content reaches a maximum of 33.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) at 70 days, while the crude fiber content shows the highest level of 314 g/kg DM at 14 days. SSF treatment of the CS increased the in vitro ruminal production of gas in a fraction that was considered nondigestible at 18 h, and gas production increased by 14% with respect to the untreated GS at 14 days. The CMU-196 strain can digest the plant cell wall and improve ruminal CS digestibility at a level equivalent to several basidiomycete species.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota enzymologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- buněčná stěna metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza mikrobiologie MeSH
- kukuřice setá metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- lakasa metabolismus MeSH
- lignin metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Sweet maize and popcorn retain tillering growth habit during maize diversification. However, the underlying molecular genetic mechanism remains unknown. Here, we show that the retention of maize tillering is controlled by a major quantitative trait locus (QTL), tin1, which encodes a C2H2-zinc-finger transcription factor that acts independently of tb1. In sweet maize, a splice-site variant from G/GT to C/GT leads to intron retention, which enhances tin1 transcript levels and consequently increases tiller number. Comparative genomics analysis and DNA diversity analysis reveal that tin1 is under parallel selection across different cereal species. tin1 is involved in multiple pathways, directly represses two tiller-related genes, gt1 and Laba1/An-2, and interacts with three TOPLESS proteins to regulate the outgrowth of tiller buds. Our results support that maize tin1, derived from a standing variation in wild progenitor teosinte population, determines tillering retention during maize diversification.
- MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- genetické lokusy MeSH
- kukuřice setá genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny genetika MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- vývoj rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The establishment of phytoextraction crops on highly contaminated soils can be limited by metal toxicity. A recent proposal has suggested establishing support crops during the critical initial phase by metal immobilization through soil amendments followed by subsequent mobilization using elemental sulphur to enhance phytoextraction efficiency. This 'combined phytoremediation' approach is tested for the first time in a pot experiment with a highly contaminated soil. During a 14-week period, relatively metal-tolerant maize was grown in a greenhouse under immobilization (before sulphur (S) application) and mobilization (after S application) conditions with soil containing Cd, Pb and Zn contaminants. Apart from the control (C) sample, the soil was amended with activated carbon (AC), lignite (Lig) or vermicompost (VC) all in two different doses (dose 1~45 g additive kg-1 soil and dose 2~90 g additive kg-1 soil). Elemental S was added as a mobilization agent in these samples after 9 weeks. Biomass production, nutrient and metal bioavailability in the soil were determined, along with their uptake by plants and the resulting remediation factors. Before S application, Cd and Zn mobility was reduced in all the AC, Lig and VC treatments, while Pb mobility was increased only in the Lig1 and VC1 treatments. Upon sulphur application, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb and Zn mobility was not significantly affected in the C, AC and VC treatments, nor total Cd, Pb and Zn contents in maize shoots. Increased sulphate, Mn, Cd, Pb and Zn mobilities in soil together with related higher total S, Mn, Pb and Zn contents in shoots were observed in investigated treatments in the last sampling period. The highest biomass production and the lowest metal toxicity were seen in the VC treatments. These results were associated with effective metal immobilization and showed the trend of steady release of some nutrients. The highest remediation factors and total elemental content in maize shoots were recorded in the VC treatments. This increased phytoremediation efficiency by 400% for Cd and by 100% for Zn compared to the control. Considering the extreme metal load of the soil, it might be interesting to use highly metal-tolerant plants in future research. Future investigations could also explore the effect of carbonaceous additives on S oxidation, focusing on the specific microorganisms and redox reactions in the soil. In addition, the homogeneous distribution of the S rate in the soil should be considered, as well as longer observation times.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí chemie MeSH
- fosfor farmakokinetika MeSH
- kompostování MeSH
- kukuřice setá účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- síra * farmakokinetika MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A 120-day experiment was conducted to compare the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from agricultural soil after natural attenuation (NA), phytoremediation (P), mycoremediation (M), and plant-assisted mycoremediation (PAM) approaches in relation to the extracellular enzyme activities in soil. The NA treatment removed the total soil PAH content negligibly. The P treatment using maize (Zea mays) enhanced only the removal of low and medium molecular PAHs. The Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on 30-50 mm wood chip substrate used in M treatment was the most successful in the removal of majority PAHs. Therefore, significantly (p < 0.05) highest total PAH removal by 541.4 μg/kg dw (dry weight) (36%) from all tested M treatments was observed. When using the same fungal substrate together with maize in PAM treatment, the total PAH removal was not statistically different from the previous M treatment. However, the maize-assisted mycoremediation treatment significantly boosted fungal biomass, microbial and manganese peroxidase activity in soil which strongly correlated with the removal of total PAHs. The higher PAH removal in that PAM treatment could be reflected in the following post-harvest time. Our suggested M and PAM approaches could be promising in situ bioremediation strategies for PAH-contaminated soils.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- extracelulární prostor enzymologie MeSH
- kukuřice setá cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- peroxidasy metabolismus MeSH
- Pleurotus cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Biological treatments are considered an environmentally option to clean-up polluted soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A pot experiment was conducted to comparatively evaluate four different strategies, including natural attenuation (NA), mycoaugmentation (M) by using Crucibulum leave, phytoremediation (P) using maize plants, and microbial-assisted phytoremediation (MAP) for the bioremediation of an aged PAH-polluted soil at 180 days. The P treatment had higher affinity degrading 2-3 and 4 ring compounds than NA and M treatments, respectively. However, M and P treatments were more efficient in regards to naphthalene, indeno[l,2,3-c,d]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene degradation respect to NA. However, 4, 5-6 rings undergo a strong decline during the microbe-assisted phytoremediation, being the treatment which determined the highest rates of PAHs degradation. Sixteen PAH compounds, except fluorene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, were found in maize roots, whereas the naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were accumulated in the shoots, in both P and MAP treatments. However, higher PAH content in maize biomass was achieved during the MAP treatment respect to P treatment. The bioconversion and translocation factors were less than 1, indicating that phystabilization/phytodegradation processes occurred rather than phytoextraction. The microbial biomass, activity and ergosterol content were significantly boosted in the MAP treatment respect to the other treatments at 180 days. Ours results demonstrated that maize-C. laeve association was the most profitable technique for the treatment of an aged PAH-polluted soil when compared to other bioremediation approaches.
- MeSH
- Agaricales růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- kukuřice setá růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The study was focused on the assessment of cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) as a potential feedstock for biogas production in comparison to reference maize related to the balance needs of nutrients and some microelements for their cultivation, especially with use of digestate for fertilization. Field experiments were carried out in areas of the Czech Republic with less favorable conditions for the cultivation of maize. Obtained results confirmed that cup-plant can be considered a promising novel crop for biogas production due to high yields of biomass (12-18 t/ha DM) and methane (3600-4250 Nm3/ha) competing with reference maize grown under the same soil and climatic conditions. The biochemical analyses characterizing the feed value of phytomass were conclusively better with maize than cup-plant. This corresponds with specific methane yields, which is about 5-10% higher in maize (269-319 Nm3/t VS) than in cup-plant (254-298 Nm3/t VS). On the basis of chemical analyses of tested crops, the uptake of basic nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and selected trace elements (microelements B, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni and Zn) was determined. Then, using the element contents and average yields, it was possible to calculate the annual removal of each element from the field with cup-plant and reference maize as the basis value for the evaluation of compensatory fertilization needs. With respect to the cultivation of tested crops for biogas production, the possibilities of their compensatory fertilization were evaluated using digestate from biogas plants. The uptake of different nutrients and microelements on tested crops was verified. The experiment showed that cup-plant has higher requirements on all tested nutrients, except N, and microelements, except Cu and Zn. In the case of nutrients, the highest uptake differences between cup-plant and maize were at B (about 11× higher), followed by Mg (3.5×) and K (1.8×). In the case of microelements, the highest uptake differences were B at (about 9× higher), followed by Co (5×), Fe, and Mn (2×). Therefore, increasing yields of cup-plant after using these nutrients and microelements for compensative fertilizing can be expected. For the mixture of maize and cup-plant (1:1 of VS weight), the higher specific methane yield was obtained (292 Nm3/t VS). It was more than expected of the average value (286 Nm3/t VS). It cannot be explained by the improvement in the feed value of cup-plant and maize mixture, but a possible explanation could be the positive synergistic effect of cup-plant due to the better supply with biologically active essential nutrients and microelements. In any case, this phenomenon deserves more detailed research in the future.
Spectropolarimetry of intact plant leaves allows to probe the molecular architecture of vegetation photosynthesis in a non-invasive and non-destructive way and, as such, can offer a wealth of physiological information. In addition to the molecular signals due to the photosynthetic machinery, the cell structure and its arrangement within a leaf can create and modify polarization signals. Using Mueller matrix polarimetry with rotating retarder modulation, we have visualized spatial variations in polarization in transmission around the chlorophyll a absorbance band from 650 nm to 710 nm. We show linear and circular polarization measurements of maple leaves and cultivated maize leaves and discuss the corresponding Mueller matrices and the Mueller matrix decompositions, which show distinct features in diattenuation, polarizance, retardance and depolarization. Importantly, while normal leaf tissue shows a typical split signal with both a negative and a positive peak in the induced fractional circular polarization and circular dichroism, the signals close to the veins only display a negative band. The results are similar to the negative band as reported earlier for single macrodomains. We discuss the possible role of the chloroplast orientation around the veins as a cause of this phenomenon. Systematic artefacts are ruled out as three independent measurements by different instruments gave similar results. These results provide better insight into circular polarization measurements on whole leaves and options for vegetation remote sensing using circular polarization.
- MeSH
- algoritmy * MeSH
- fotosyntéza * MeSH
- kukuřice setá růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- polarizační mikroskopie metody MeSH
- refraktometrie metody MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
