Human cellular models of neurodegeneration require reproducibility and longevity, which is necessary for simulating age-dependent diseases. Such systems are particularly needed for TDP-43 proteinopathies1, which involve human-specific mechanisms2-5 that cannot be directly studied in animal models. Here, to explore the emergence and consequences of TDP-43 pathologies, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, colony morphology neural stem cells (iCoMoNSCs) via manual selection of neural precursors6. Single-cell transcriptomics and comparison to independent neural stem cells7 showed that iCoMoNSCs are uniquely homogenous and self-renewing. Differentiated iCoMoNSCs formed a self-organized multicellular system consisting of synaptically connected and electrophysiologically active neurons, which matured into long-lived functional networks (which we designate iNets). Neuronal and glial maturation in iNets was similar to that of cortical organoids8. Overexpression of wild-type TDP-43 in a minority of neurons within iNets led to progressive fragmentation and aggregation of the protein, resulting in a partial loss of function and neurotoxicity. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a novel set of misregulated RNA targets in TDP-43-overexpressing neurons and in patients with TDP-43 proteinopathies exhibiting a loss of nuclear TDP-43. The strongest misregulated target encoded the synaptic protein NPTX2, the levels of which are controlled by TDP-43 binding on its 3' untranslated region. When NPTX2 was overexpressed in iNets, it exhibited neurotoxicity, whereas correcting NPTX2 misregulation partially rescued neurons from TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration. Notably, NPTX2 was consistently misaccumulated in neurons from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology. Our work directly links TDP-43 misregulation and NPTX2 accumulation, thereby revealing a TDP-43-dependent pathway of neurotoxicity.

• MeSH
• amyotrofická laterální skleróza * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein * metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny * nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• frontotemporální lobární degenerace * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervová síť * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nervové kmenové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• neuroglie cytologie   MeSH
• neurony * cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně * metabolismus   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), pluripotent cell-signaling mediator, was recently described as a modulator of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity. In our study, we discovered new aspects of NO2-OA involvement in the regulation of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) or mESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) were exposed to NO2-OA or oleic acid (OA) for selected time periods. Our results showed that NO2-OA but not OA caused the loss of pluripotency of mESC cultivated in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) rich medium via the decrease of pluripotency markers (NANOG, sex-determining region Y-box 1 transcription factor (SOX2), and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4)). The effects of NO2-OA on mESC correlated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT3. Subsequent differentiation led to an increase of the ectodermal marker orthodenticle homolog 2 (Otx2). Similarly, treatment of mESC-derived EBs by NO2-OA resulted in the up-regulation of both neural markers Nestin and β-Tubulin class III (Tubb3). Interestingly, the expression of cardiac-specific genes and beating of EBs were significantly decreased. In conclusion, NO2-OA is able to modulate pluripotency of mESC via the regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation. Further, it attenuates cardiac differentiation on the one hand, and on the other hand, it directs mESC into neural fate.

• MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace * účinky léků   MeSH
• dusíkaté sloučeniny farmakologie   MeSH
• embryoidní tělíska účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kardiomyocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny olejové farmakologie   MeSH
• myší embryonální kmenové buňky cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurony cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• organogeneze účinky léků   MeSH
• pluripotentní kmenové buňky účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• transkripční faktor STAT3 metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Nucleolin is a multifunctional RNA Binding Protein (RBP) with diverse subcellular localizations, including the nucleolus in all eukaryotic cells, the plasma membrane in tumor cells, and the axon in neurons. Here we show that the glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain of nucleolin drives subcellular localization via protein-protein interactions with a kinesin light chain. In addition, GAR sequences mediate plasma membrane interactions of nucleolin. Both these modalities are in addition to the already reported involvement of the GAR domain in liquid-liquid phase separation in the nucleolus. Nucleolin transport to axons requires the GAR domain, and heterozygous GAR deletion mice reveal reduced axonal localization of nucleolin cargo mRNAs and enhanced sensory neuron growth. Thus, the GAR domain governs axonal transport of a growth controlling RNA-RBP complex in neurons, and is a versatile localization determinant for different subcellular compartments. Localization determination by GAR domains may explain why GAR mutants in diverse RBPs are associated with neurodegenerative disease.

• MeSH
• axonální transport genetika   MeSH
• buněčné jadérko metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fosfoproteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• kineziny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nervus ischiadicus cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura MeSH
• proteinové domény MeSH
• proteiny vázající RNA chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• spinální ganglia cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Cholinesterases are fundamental players in the peripheral and central nervous systems [...].

• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• butyrylcholinesterasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• centrální nervový systém cytologie   účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory terapeutické užití   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• GPI-vázané proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervový přenos MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci farmakoterapie   enzymologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• periferní nervový systém cytologie   účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• synapse účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To characterize and eventually find effective treatments of bioenergetic impairment in psychiatric disease, researchers find animal models indispensable. The present review focuses on brain energetics in several environmental, genetic, drug-induced, and surgery-induced animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Most reported deficits included decreased activity in the electron transport chain, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, decreased ATP levels, and decreased mitochondrial potential. Models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism shared many bioenergetic deficits. This is in concordance with the absence of a disease-specific brain energy phenotype in human patients. Unfortunately, due to the absence of null results in examined literature, indicative of reporting bias, we refrain from making generalized conclusions. Present review can be a valuable tool for comparing current findings, generating more targeted hypotheses, and selecting fitting models for further preclinical research.

• MeSH
• astrocyty cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• autistická porucha metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• bipolární porucha metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• deprese metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek cytologie   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain plays a crucial role in providing optimal conditions for neuronal function. Interactions between neurons and a specialized form of ECM, perineuronal nets (PNN), are considered a key mechanism for the regulation of brain plasticity. Such an assembly of interconnected structural and regulatory molecules has a prominent role in the control of synaptic plasticity. In this review, we discuss novel ways of studying the interplay between PNN and its regulatory components, particularly tenascins, in the processes of synaptic plasticity, mechanotransduction, and neurogenesis. Since enhanced neuronal activity promotes PNN degradation, it is possible to study PNN remodeling as a dynamical change in the expression and organization of its constituents that is reflected in its ultrastructure. The discovery of these subtle modifications is enabled by the development of super-resolution microscopy and advanced methods of image analysis.

• MeSH
• buněčný převod mechanických signálů fyziologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix metabolismus   MeSH
• neurogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Recent studies indicate that yawning evolved as a brain cooling mechanism. Given that larger brains have greater thermolytic needs and brain temperature is determined in part by heat production from neuronal activity, it was hypothesized that animals with larger brains and more neurons would yawn longer to produce comparable cooling effects. To test this, we performed the largest study on yawning ever conducted, analyzing 1291 yawns from 101 species (55 mammals; 46 birds). Phylogenetically controlled analyses revealed robust positive correlations between yawn duration and (1) brain mass, (2) total neuron number, and (3) cortical/pallial neuron number in both mammals and birds, which cannot be attributed solely to allometric scaling rules. These relationships were similar across clades, though mammals exhibited considerably longer yawns than birds of comparable brain and body mass. These findings provide further evidence suggesting that yawning is a thermoregulatory adaptation that has been conserved across amniote evolution.

• MeSH
• mozek anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• ptáci anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• savci anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zívání * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Cellular prion protein (PrPC ) is infamous for its role in prion diseases. The physiological function of PrPC remains enigmatic, but several studies point to its involvement in cell differentiation processes. To test this possibility, we monitored PrPC changes during the differentiation of prion-susceptible CAD 5 cells, and then we analysed the effect of PrPC ablation on the differentiation process. RESULTS: Neuronal CAD 5 cells differentiate within 5 days of serum withdrawal, with the majority of the cells developing long neurites. This process is accompanied by an up to sixfold increase in PrPC expression and enhanced N-terminal β-cleavage of the protein, which suggests a role for the PrPC in the differentiation process. Moreover, the majority of PrPC in differentiated cells is inside the cell, and a large proportion of the protein does not associate with membrane lipid rafts. In contrast, PrPC in proliferating cells is found mostly on the cytoplasmic membrane and is predominantly associated with lipid rafts. To determine the importance of PrPC in cell differentiation, a CAD 5 PrP-/- cell line with ablated PrPC expression was created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We observed no considerable difference in morphology, proliferation rate or expression of molecular markers between CAD 5 and CAD 5 PrP-/- cells during the differentiation initiated by serum withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: PrPC characteristics, such as cell localisation, level of expression and posttranslational modifications, change during CAD 5 cell differentiation, but PrPC ablation does not change the course of the differentiation process. SIGNIFICANCE: Ablation of PrPC expression does not affect CAD 5 cell differentiation, although we observed many intriguing changes in PrPC features during the process. Our study does not support the concept that PrPC is important for neuronal cell differentiation, at least in simple in vitro conditions.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace * MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• membránové mikrodomény MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurony cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• posttranslační úpravy proteinů MeSH
• priony metabolismus   MeSH
• PrPC proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) coated with therapeutics and cell-targeting structures serve as effective tools for drug delivery. However, NDs circulating in blood can eventually interact with the blood-brain barrier, resulting in undesired pathology. Here, we aimed to detect interaction between NDs and adult brain tissue. First, we cultured neuronal tissue with ND ex vivo and studied cell prosperity, regeneration, cytokine secretion, and nanodiamond uptake. Then, we applied NDs systemically into C57BL/6 animals and assessed accumulation of nanodiamonds in brain tissue and cytokine response. We found that only non-neuronal cells internalized coated nanodiamonds and responded by excretion of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ. Cells of neuronal origin expressing tubulin beta-III did not internalize any NDs. Once we applied coated NDs intravenously, we found no presence of NDs in the adult cortex but observed transient release of interleukin-1α. We conclude that specialized adult neuronal cells do not internalize plain or coated NDs. However, coated nanodiamonds interact with non-neuronal cells present within the cortex tissue. Moreover, the coated NDs do not cross the blood-brain barrier but they interact with adjacent barrier cells and trigger a temporary cytokine response. This study represents the first report concerning interaction of NDs with adult brain tissue.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní potahované materiály chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• interferon gama metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• mozek patologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nanodiamanty chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• regenerace účinky léků   MeSH
• tubulin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Although numerous pathogenic mutations have been identified in various subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), ionotropic glutamate receptors that are central to glutamatergic neurotransmission, the functional effects of these mutations are often unknown. Here, we combined in silico modelling with microscopy, biochemistry, and electrophysiology in cultured HEK293 cells and hippocampal neurons to examine how the pathogenic missense mutation S688Y in the GluN1 NMDAR subunit affects receptor function and trafficking. We found that the S688Y mutation significantly increases the EC50 of both glycine and D-serine in GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B receptors, and significantly slows desensitisation of GluN1/GluN3A receptors. Moreover, the S688Y mutation reduces the surface expression of GluN3A-containing NMDARs in cultured hippocampal neurons, but does not affect the trafficking of GluN2-containing receptors. Finally, we found that the S688Y mutation reduces Ca2+ influx through NMDARs and reduces NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. These findings provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of NMDAR subtypes containing pathogenic mutations.

• MeSH
• glycin farmakologie   MeSH
• glycinové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• hipokampus cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• neurony cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proteinové domény MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH