BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested positive associations for iron and red meat intake with risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Inherited pathogenic variants in genes involved in the hepcidin-regulating iron metabolism pathway are known to cause iron overload and hemochromatosis. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine whether common genetic variation in the hepcidin-regulating iron metabolism pathway is associated with PDAC. METHODS: We conducted a pathway analysis of the hepcidin-regulating genes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) summary statistics generated from 4 genome-wide association studies in 2 large consortium studies using the summary data-based adaptive rank truncated product method. Our population consisted of 9253 PDAC cases and 12,525 controls of European descent. Our analysis included 11 hepcidin-regulating genes [bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferritin light chain (FTL), hepcidin (HAMP), homeostatic iron regulator (HFE), hemojuvelin (HJV), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), ferroportin 1 (SLC40A1), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2)] and their surrounding genomic regions (±20 kb) for a total of 412 SNPs. RESULTS: The hepcidin-regulating gene pathway was significantly associated with PDAC (P = 0.002), with the HJV, TFR2, TFR1, BMP6, and HAMP genes contributing the most to the association. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support that genetic susceptibility related to the hepcidin-regulating gene pathway is associated with PDAC risk and suggest a potential role of iron metabolism in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to evaluate effect modification by intake of iron-rich foods on this association.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom metabolismus   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hepcidiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vazebná nerovnováha MeSH
• železo metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To compare the density of lymphatic vessels and VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in Warthin's tumours (WTs) and oncocytic adenomas (OCAs). METHODS: Twenty three WTs and 13 OCAs of the parotid gland were analyzed. Lymphatic vessels were detected using the D2-40 antibody. For evaluation of the intratumour and peritumour lymphatic vessel density (iLVD and pLVD, respectively) the area of greatest vascularisation (hot spots) was chosen, using a ×40 field, and the number of vessels per square millimeter was counted in a ×200 field. The staining intensity for VEGF-C and VEGF-D immunoreaction in the tumour cells was graded from 0 to 3. RESULTS: The mean iLVD and pLVD values in WTs was 4.7 (range 1-8) and 6.9 (range 3-10), those in the OCAs 1.0 (range 0-3) and 5.8 (range 2-8), respectively. The differences in the iLVD, but not pLVD between the two tumour groups were statistically significant. In both entities, the pLVD markedly outnumbered the iLVD. The intratumour vessels in the WTs were present exclusively in the lymphoid stroma. In the group of 23 WTs, 13 (56.6%), 17 (73.9%) and 10 (43.4%) samples revealed positive VEGF-C, VEGF-D and both immunoreactions, respectively. 10 of 13 (77%) cases revealed VEGF-D immunoreaction and in none of them was the VEGF-C reaction present. CONCLUSION: The tumours had a comparable high density of peritumorous lymphatic network. However, WTs markedly differed from OCAs in the number of the intratumorous vessels. These were abundant solely in the stroma of WT, while practically lacking in the neoplastic epithelium of the WT and relatively rare in OCAs. We suggest that homeostasis in both entities is mediated mainly by peritumorous lymphatics. The lymphatic drainage in WTs is also fostered exclusively by stromal lymphatics, whereas in stroma poor OCAs by the vessels present in their neoplastic epithelium. We also believe that WTs stimulate proliferation of pre-existing lymphatic capillaries by means of the paracrine secretion of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in the neoplastic as well as reactive stromal cells, while in the OCAs only the latter factor takes part in their lymphangiogenesis.

• MeSH
• adenolymfom patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfangiogeneze MeSH
• lymfatické cévy patologie   MeSH
• oxyfilní adenom patologie   MeSH
• patologická angiogeneze MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor C metabolismus   MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor D metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Esophageal cancer is a malignant disease with poor prognosis, increasing incidence, and ineffective treatment options. MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression involved in many biological processes including carcinogenesis. We determined miR-205 expression levels in tumor/non-tumor tissues of 45 esophageal cancer patients using qPCR and found that decreased level of miR-205 in tumor tissue correlates with poor overall survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Further, we observed significantly higher levels of miR-205 in tumor tissue of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ectopic overexpression of miR-205 in adenocarcinoma cell line SK-GT-4 led to decreased cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G1, and decreased migration ability. Conversely, in squamous cell line KYSE-150, same effects like inhibition of proliferation, migration, and colony-forming potential and cell cycle arrest in G2 were observed after silencing of miR-205. We performed global gene expression profiling and revealed that suppressive functioning of miR-205 in adenocarcinoma could be realized through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas oncogenic in squamous cell carcinoma by regulation of metalloproteinase 10. Our results suggest that miR-205 could serve as biomarker in esophageal cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor in esophageal adenocarcinoma and oncogene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• apoptóza genetika   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice genetika   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA fyziologie   MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory jícnu genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• onkogeny genetika   MeSH
• pohyb buněk genetika   MeSH
• proliferace buněk genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• tumor supresorové geny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Východiska: Pro správnou funkci imunitního systému je důležitá souhra mezi inhibičními a stimulačními mechanizmy, které jednak chrání organizmus před cizorodými mikroorganizmy a látkami z vnějšího prostředí, ale také brání zdravou tkáň před případnými poškozujícími útoky imunitního systému. Inhibiční mechanizmy jsou tedy nepostradatelnou složkou imunitního systému podílející se na jeho správné funkci. Nádorové buňky však mohou inhibiční mechanizmy zneužít k úniku před imunitní reakcí a tím podpořit vznik a rozvoj nádorového onemocnění. Proto je tedy za jednu z charakteristik nádorových buněk považovaná schopnost vyhnout se imunitnímu dozoru. Imunoterapie je léčebným postupem, v průběhu kterého dochází ke stimulaci imunitního systému. Za efektivní a specifické imunoterapeutické cíle jsou považovány kontrolní body imunitní reakce. V posledních letech je značná pozornost věnována inhibiční dráze PD-1/PD-L1, tj. dráze programované buněčné smrti. Blokádou PD-1/PD-L1 dochází k utlumení inhibičního signálu, k obnovení účinnosti imunitních mechanizmů a ke zvýšení protinádorové aktivity. Protilátky blokující receptor PD-1 a jeho ligand PD-L1 jsou již poměrně úspěšně klinicky využívány. Přesto je stále velmi důležité vést výzkum se zaměřením na objasnění mechanizmu této dráhy, na nalezení faktorů významně ovlivňujících její aktivitu a na popis variability této dráhy vycházející z různorodosti nádorového prostředí. Získané výsledky lze poté využít k dosažení maximálního protinádorového účinku inhibicí osy PD-1/PD-L1. Cíl: Cílem tohoto článku je shrnout dosavadní poznatky o PD-1/PD-L1 signální dráze a prodiskutovat její úlohu v protinádorové imunitní odpovědi.

Background: Correct function of the immune system depends on close cooperation between stimulation and inhibition signals, which protect an organism from outside microorganisms and other agents, but also protects healthy tissues against possible self-destructing attacks of the immune system. However, the inhibitory mechanisms can be abused by cancer cells that evade immune responses and, in fact, they help develop cancer. Therefore, one of the characteristics of cancer cells is the ability to evade immune recognition. Immunotherapy is a treatment method that stimulates the immune system to fight cancer. The checkpoints of the immune system can be considered as effective and specific therapeutic targets. Programmed cell death signaling pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) is one of the most discussed inhibition pathways in recent years. Blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction restores mechanisms of immune response and increases antitumor immune activity. Monoclonal antibodies blocking PD-1 receptor or its ligand PD-L1 have already shown clinical efficacy. However, it is important to carry out research to explore the mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to find new factors, which influence its activity and, of course, to illuminate the variability of this pathway which naturally originates in the diversity of the tumor milieu. Obtained results could be utilized to achieve maximal anticancer effect after inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway useful in clinical practice. Aim: The aim of the article is to summarize current knowledge about PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and to discuss its role in antitumor immune response.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 * antagonisté a inhibitory   fyziologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * antagonisté a inhibitory   fyziologie   MeSH
• antitumorózní látky klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• buněčná smrt MeSH
• imunitní systém - jevy fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory patologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The effects of sarcosine on the processes driving prostate cancer (PCa) development remain still unclear. Herein, we show that a supplementation of metastatic PCa cells (androgen independent PC-3 and androgen dependent LNCaP) with sarcosine stimulates cells proliferation in vitro. Similar stimulatory effects were observed also in PCa murine xenografts, in which sarcosine treatment induced a tumor growth and significantly reduced weight of treated mice (p < 0.05). Determination of sarcosine metabolism-related amino acids and enzymes within tumor mass revealed significantly increased glycine, serine and sarcosine concentrations after treatment accompanied with the increased amount of sarcosine dehydrogenase. In both tumor types, dimethylglycine and glycine-N-methyltransferase were affected slightly, only. To identify the effects of sarcosine treatment on the expression of genes involved in any aspect of cancer development, we further investigated expression profiles of excised tumors using cDNA electrochemical microarray followed by validation using the semi-quantitative PCR. We found 25 differentially expressed genes in PC-3, 32 in LNCaP tumors and 18 overlapping genes. Bioinformatical processing revealed strong sarcosine-related induction of genes involved particularly in a cell cycle progression. Our exploratory study demonstrates that sarcosine stimulates PCa metastatic cells irrespectively of androgen dependence. Overall, the obtained data provides valuable information towards understanding the role of sarcosine in PCa progression and adds another piece of puzzle into a picture of sarcosine oncometabolic potential.

• MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• geny nádorové fyziologie   MeSH
• glycin-N-methyltransferasa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši nahé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory prostaty metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• sarkosin metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• sarkosindehydrogenasa metabolismus   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• transplantace nádorů MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: ROR1, a receptor in the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is upregulated in malignant B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. It has been shown that the Wnt/PCP pathway drives pathogenesis of CLL, but which factors activate the ROR1 and PCP pathway in CLL cells remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: B lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of CLL patients were negatively separated using RosetteSep (StemCell) and gradient density centrifugation. Relative expression of WNT5A, WNT5B, and ROR1 was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein levels, protein interaction, and downstream signaling were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Migration capacity of primary CLL cells was analyzed by the Transwell migration assay. RESULTS: By analyzing the expression in 137 previously untreated CLL patients, we demonstrate that WNT5A and WNT5B genes show dramatically (five orders of magnitude) varying expression in CLL cells. High WNT5A and WNT5B expression strongly associates with unmutated IGHV and shortened time to first treatment. In addition, WNT5A levels associate, independent of IGHV status, with the clinically worst CLL subgroups characterized by dysfunctional p53 and mutated SF3B1. We provide functional evidence that WNT5A-positive primary CLL cells have increased motility and attenuated chemotaxis toward CXCL12 and CCL19 that can be overcome by inhibitors of Wnt/PCP signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These observations identify Wnt-5a as the crucial regulator of ROR1 activity in CLL and suggest that the autocrine Wnt-5a signaling pathway allows CLL cells to overcome natural microenvironmental regulation.

• MeSH
• autokrinní signalizace fyziologie   MeSH
• B-lymfocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• chemotaxe fyziologie   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie metabolismus   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohyb buněk fyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny Wnt metabolismus   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• signální dráha Wnt fyziologie   MeSH
• sirotčí receptory podobné receptoru tyrosinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH

The expression, cellular distribution, and subcellular sorting of the microtubule (MT)-nucleating γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC) proteins, GCP2 and GCP3, were studied in human glioblastoma cell lines and in clinical tissue samples representing all histologic grades of adult diffuse astrocytic gliomas (n = 54). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed a significant increase in the expression of GCP2 and GCP3 transcripts in glioblastoma cells versus normal human astrocytes; these were associated with higher amounts of both γTuSC proteins. GCP2 and GCP3 were concentrated in the centrosomes in interphase glioblastoma cells, but punctate and diffuse localizations were also detected in the cytosol and nuclei/nucleoli. Nucleolar localization was fixation dependent. GCP2 and GCP3 formed complexes with γ-tubulin in the nucleoli as confirmed by reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments and immunoelectron microscopy. GCP2 and GCP3 depletion caused accumulation of cells in G2/M and mitotic delay but did not affect nucleolar integrity. Overexpression of GCP2 antagonized the inhibitory effect of the CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated tumor suppressor protein 3 (C53) on DNA damage G2/M checkpoint activity. Tumor cell GCP2 and GCP3 immunoreactivity was significantly increased over that in normal brains in glioblastoma samples; it was also associated with microvascular proliferation. These findings suggest that γTuSC protein dysregulation in glioblastomas may be linked to altered transcriptional checkpoint activity or interaction with signaling pathways associated with a malignant phenotype.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus fyziologie   MeSH
• dánio pruhované MeSH
• glioblastom metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory mozku metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• poškození DNA genetika   MeSH
• proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• transport proteinů MeSH
• tubulin metabolismus   MeSH
• žáby MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell metabolism; thus, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many metabolic disorders, including cancer. Altered metabolism is a common property of cancer cells that exhibit enhanced capacity to 'ferment' glucose to pyruvate and then lactate, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen to support mitochondrial metabolism. Recently, it was reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate important signalling pathways in mitochondria and many of these miRNAs are deregulated in various cancers. Different regulatory mechanisms can control miRNA expression at the genetic or epigenetic level, thus affecting the biogenetic machinery via recruitment of specific transcription factors. Metabolic reprogramming that cancer cells undergo during tumorigenesis offers a wide range of potential targets to impair tumour progression. MiRNAs participate in controlling cancer cell metabolism by regulating the expression of genes whose protein products either directly regulate metabolic machinery or indirectly modulate the expression of metabolic enzymes, serving as master regulators. Thus, modulation of the level of miRNAs may provide a new approach for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.

• MeSH
• energetický metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• mikro RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• přeprogramování buněk fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• tumor supresorové geny fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cells of solid malignancies generally adapt to entire lack of oxygen. Hypoxia induces the expression of several genes, which allows the cells to survive. For DNA transcription, it is necessary that DNA structure is loosened. In addition to structural characteristics of DNA, its epigenetic alterations influence a proper DNA transcription. Since histones play a key role in epigenetics, changes in expression levels of acetylated histones H3 and H4 as well as of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in human neuroblastoma cell lines cultivated under standard or hypoxic conditions (1% O2) were investigated. Moreover, the effect of hypoxia on the expression of two transcription factors, c-Myc and N-myc, was studied. Hypoxic stress increased levels of acetylated histones H3 and H4 in UKF-NB-3 and UKF-NB-4 neuroblastoma cells with N-myc amplification, whereas almost no changes in acetylation of these histones were found in an SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cell line, the line with diploid N-myc status. An increase in histone H4 acetylation caused by hypoxia in UKF-NB-3 and UKF-NB-4 corresponds to increased levels of N-myc transcription factor in these cells.

• MeSH
• acetylace MeSH
• histony metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoxie buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• neuroblastom metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-myc biosyntéza   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We studied the expression and distribution of the microtubule-severing enzyme spastin in 3 human glioblastoma cell lines (U87MG, U138MG, and T98G) and in clinical tissue samples representative of all grades of diffuse astrocytic gliomas (n = 45). In adult human brains, spastin was distributed predominantly in neuronsand neuropil puncta and, to a lesser extent, in glia. Compared with normal mature brain tissues, spastin expression and cellular distribution were increased in neoplastic glial phenotypes, especiallyin glioblastoma (p < 0.05 vs low-grade diffuse astrocytomas). Overlapping punctate and diffuse patterns of localization wereidentified in tumor cells in tissues and in interphase and mitotic cells ofglioblastoma cell lines. There was enrichment of spastin in the leading edges of cells in T98G glioblastoma cell cultures and in neoplastic cell populations in tumor specimens. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting experiments revealed greater levels of spastin messenger RNA and protein expression in theglioblastoma cell lines versus normal human astrocytes. Functional experiments indicated that spastin depletion resulted in reduced cell motility and higher cell proliferation of T98G cells. Toour knowledge, this is the first report of spastin involvement incellmotility. Collectively, our results indicate that spastinexpression in glioblastomas might be linked to tumor cell motility, migration, and invasion.

• MeSH
• adenosintrifosfatasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glioblastom enzymologie   patologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrotubuly MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek enzymologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory mozku enzymologie   patologie   MeSH
• počet buněk metody   MeSH
• pohyb buněk fyziologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů fyziologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH