Leishmania infantum chagasi is the causative agent and Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. We investigated the expression of Leishmania genes within L. longipalpis after artificial infection. mRNAs from genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism were upregulated at times of high parasite proliferation inside the insect. mRNAs from genes involved in metacyclogenesis had higher expression in late stages of infection. Other modulated genes of interest were involved in immunomodulation, purine salvage pathway and protein recycling. These data reveal aspects of the adaptation of the parasite to the microenvironment of the vector gut and reflect the preparation for infection in the vertebrate.
- MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie MeSH
- Leishmania infantum genetika MeSH
- Leishmania izolace a purifikace MeSH
- leishmanióza viscerální epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí metody MeSH
- Psychodidae genetika parazitologie MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Brazílie MeSH
Viruses of trypanosomatids are now being extensively studied because of their diversity and the roles they play in flagellates' biology. Among the most prominent examples are leishmaniaviruses implicated in pathogenesis of Leishmania parasites. Here, we present a historical overview of this field, starting with early reports of virus-like particles on electron microphotographs, and culminating in detailed molecular descriptions of viruses obtained using modern next generation sequencing-based techniques. Because of their diversity, different life cycle strategies and host specificity, we believe that trypanosomatids are a fertile ground for further explorations to better understand viral evolution, routes of transitions, and molecular mechanisms of adaptation to different hosts.
- MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- Leishmaniavirus fyziologie MeSH
- RNA-viry fyziologie MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- Trypanosomatina virologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND Leishmania major is an Old World species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus duboscqi. In Brazil, two isolates from patients who never left the country were characterised as L. major-like (BH49 and BH121). Using molecular techniques, these isolates were indistinguishable from the L. major reference strain (FV1). OBJECTIVES We evaluated the lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) of the strains and their behaviour in Old and New World sand fly vectors. METHODS LPGs were purified, and repeat units were qualitatively evaluated by immunoblotting. Experimental in vivo infection with L. major-like strains was performed in Lutzomyia longipalpis (New World, permissive vector) and Ph. papatasi (Old World, restrictive or specific vector). FINDINGS The LPGs of both strains were devoid of arabinosylated side chains, whereas the LPG of strain BH49 was more galactosylated than that of strain BH121. All strains with different levels of galactosylation in their LPGs were able to infect both vectors, exhibiting colonisation of the stomodeal valve and metacyclogenesis. The BH121 strain (less galactosylated) exhibited lower infection intensity compared to BH49 and FV1 in both vectors. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific variation in the LPG of L. major-like strains occur, and the different galactosylation levels affected interactions with the invertebrate host.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- galaktosa metabolismus MeSH
- glykosfingolipidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- hmyz - vektory chemie fyziologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- Leishmania major chemie fyziologie MeSH
- Phlebotomus parazitologie MeSH
- Psychodidae parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The class Kinetoplastea encompasses both free-living and parasitic species from a wide range of hosts. Several representatives of this group are responsible for severe human diseases and for economic losses in agriculture and livestock. While this group encompasses over 30 genera, most of the available information has been derived from the vertebrate pathogenic genera Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma. Recent studies of the previously neglected groups of Kinetoplastea indicated that the actual diversity is much higher than previously thought. This article discusses the known segment of kinetoplastid diversity and how gene-directed Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods can help to deepen our knowledge of these interesting protists.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- databáze genetické MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- Kinetoplastida klasifikace cytologie genetika MeSH
- metagenomika trendy MeSH
- protozoální DNA genetika MeSH
- RNA protozoální genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování trendy MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování metody MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Specimens of Spinitectus osorioi Choudhury and Pérez-Ponce de León, an intestinal nematode species previously considered to be specific to Chirostoma spp and endemic to some lakes in the Pacific drainage in Michoacán, were collected from the freshwater fish Atherinella alvarezi (Díaz-Pardo) (Atherinopsidae) of the Michol River near Palenque, Chiapas, Southern Mexico, which belongs to the Atlantic drainage system. Studies using light and scanning electron microscopy revealed some taxonomically important, previously unreported or erroneously reported features of S. osorioi, such as the location of the vulva, the actual number and distribution of postanal papillae and phasmids and the presence of a short median cuticular ridge anterior to the cloacal opening (in addition to two long subventral ridges). The recorded somewhat shorter spicules (420-465 and 105-111 microm) and mostly smaller eggs (33-36 x 18-20 microm) as compared to the original species description may be due to a different type of host, geographical region or generally smaller body measurements of these specimens. These biometrical differences are considered to be within the limits of the intraspecific variability of S. osorioi. A key to species of Spinitectus parasitizing freshwater fishes in Mexico is provided.
- MeSH
- hlístice klasifikace izolace a purifikace ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- ryby parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Mexiko MeSH
- MeSH
- Isospora izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- zpěvní ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Brazílie MeSH
- MeSH
- Eimeria izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- želvy parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH