• Klíčová slova
• age, application software, childhood, data, mortality rate,
• MeSH
• databáze faktografické * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Background: Our previous study analyzed the age trajectory of mortality (ATM) in 14 European countries, while this study aimed at investigating ATM in other continents and in countries with a higher level of mortality. Data from 11 Non-European countries were used. Methods: The number of deaths was extracted from the WHO mortality database. The Halley method was used to calculate the mortality rates in all possible calendar years and all countries combined. This method enables us to combine more countries and more calendar years in one hypothetical population. Results: The age trajectory of total mortality (ATTM) and also ATM due to specific groups of diseases were very similar in the 11 non-European countries and in the 14 European countries. The level of mortality did not affect the main results found in European countries. The inverse proportion was valid for ATTM in non-European countries with two exceptions. Slower or no mortality decrease with age was detected in the first year of life, while the inverse proportion model was valid for the age range (1, 10) years in most of the main chapters of ICD10. Conclusions: The decrease in child mortality with age may be explained as the result of the depletion of individuals with congenital impairment. The majority of deaths up to the age of 10 years were related to congenital impairments, and the decrease in child mortality rate with age was a demonstration of population heterogeneity. The congenital impairments were latent and may cause death even if no congenital impairment was detected.

• Klíčová slova
• WHO database, age, childhood, congenital anomalies, mortality rate,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Background: Mortality rate rapidly decreases with age after birth, and, simultaneously, the spectrum of death causes show remarkable changes with age. This study analyzed age-associated decreases in mortality rate from diseases of all main chapters of the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Methods: The number of deaths was extracted from the mortality database of the World Health Organization. As zero cases could be ascertained for a specific age category, the Halley method was used to calculate the mortality rates in all possible calendar years and in all countries combined. Results: All causes mortality from the 1st day of life to the age of 10 years can be represented by an inverse proportion model with a single parameter. High coefficients of determination were observed for total mortality in all populations (arithmetic mean = 0.9942 and standard deviation = 0.0039). Slower or no mortality decrease with age was detected in the 1st year of life, while the inverse proportion method was valid for the age range [1, 10) years in most of all main chapters with three exceptions. The decrease was faster for the chapter "Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period" (XVI).The inverse proportion was valid already from the 1st day for the chapter "Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities" (XVII).The shape of the mortality decrease was very different for the chapter "Neoplasms" (II) and the rates of mortality from neoplasms were age-independent in the age range [1, 10) years in all populations. Conclusion: The theory of congenital individual risks of death is presented and can explain the results. If it is valid, latent congenital impairments may be present among all cases of death that are not related to congenital impairments. All results are based on published data, and the data are presented as a supplement.

• Klíčová slova
• WHO database, age, childhood, congenital anomalies, mortality rate,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Background: In humans, the mortality rate dramatically decreases with age after birth, and the causes of death change significantly during childhood. In the present study, we attempted to explain age-associated decreases in mortality for congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CACNS), as well as decreases in total mortality with age. We further investigated the age trajectory of mortality in the biologically related category "diseases of the nervous system" (DNS). Methods: The numbers of deaths were extracted from the mortality database of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the following nine countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Because zero cases could be ascertained over the age of 30 years in a specific age category, the Halley method was used to calculate the mortality rates in all possible calendar years and in all countries combined. Results: Total mortality from the first day of life up to the age of 10 years and mortality due to CACNS within the age interval of [0, 90) years can be represented by an inverse proportion with a single parameter. High coefficients of determination were observed for both total mortality (R2 = 0.996) and CACNS mortality (R2 = 0.990). Our findings indicated that mortality rates for DNS slowly decrease with age during the first 2 years of life, following which they decrease in accordance with an inverse proportion up to the age of 10 years. The theory of congenital individual risk (TCIR) may explain these observations based on the extinction of individuals with more severe impairments, as well as the bent curve of DNS, which exhibited an adjusted coefficient of determination of R¯2 = 0.966. Conclusion: The coincidence between the age trajectories of all-cause and CACNS-related mortality may indicate that the overall decrease in mortality after birth is due to the extinction of individuals with more severe impairments. More deaths unrelated to congenital anomalies may be caused by the manifestation of latent congenital impairments during childhood.

• Klíčová slova
• WHO database, age, childhood, congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, mortality rate,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The answer to the question "At what age does aging begin?" is tightly related to the question "Where is the onset of mortality increase with age?" Age affects mortality rates from all diseases differently than it affects mortality rates from nonbiological causes. Mortality increase with age in adult populations has been modeled by many authors, and little attention has been given to mortality decrease with age after birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nonbiological causes are excluded, and the category "all diseases" is studied. It is analyzed in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the period 1994-2011, and all possible models are screened. Age trajectories of mortality are analyzed separately: before the age category where mortality reaches its minimal value and after the age category. RESULTS: Resulting age trajectories from all diseases showed a strong minimum, which was hidden in total mortality. The inverse proportion between mortality and age fitted in 54 of 58 cases before mortality minimum. The Gompertz model with two parameters fitted as mortality increased with age in 17 of 58 cases after mortality minimum, and the Gompertz model with a small positive quadratic term fitted data in the remaining 41 cases. The mean age where mortality reached minimal value was 8 (95% confidence interval 7.05-8.95) years. The figures depict an age where the human population has a minimal risk of death from biological causes. CONCLUSION: Inverse proportion and the Gompertz model fitted data on both sides of the mortality minimum, and three parameters determined the shape of the age-mortality trajectory. Life expectancy should be determined by the two standard Gompertz parameters and also by the single parameter in the model c/x. All-disease mortality represents an alternative tool to study the impact of age. All results are based on published data.

• Klíčová slova
• Nordic countries, age, all diseases, external causes, mortality,
• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita trendy   MeSH
• naděje dožití trendy   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• statistické modely MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Skandinávie a severské státy epidemiologie   MeSH

Two data groups were analyzed: (1) the exposure rate in the former Czechoslovakia after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, and (2) the decrease of beta activity of an atmospheric fallout sample taken in Bratislava during 24 h on 30 May 1965. Both quantities decreased with the first power of time. This pattern of decrease is explained by applying the same mathematical formalism as is also used to describe the decrease in postnatal mortality with age. Following this formalism, the decrease of total activity with the first power of time could be seen as a consequence of a log-normal distribution of decay constants in the fallout. This differs slightly from earlier results that show the total activity decreasing with a power of 1.2 immediately after the nuclear explosion.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• černobylská havárie * MeSH
• dávka záření MeSH
• monitorování radiace * MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• radioaktivní spad * MeSH
• radioaktivní znečišťující látky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radioaktivní spad * MeSH
• radioaktivní znečišťující látky MeSH