Regulation of protein function by reversible S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification based on the attachment of nitroso group to cysteine thiols, has emerged among key mechanisms of NO signalling in plant development and stress responses. S-nitrosoglutathione is regarded as the most abundant low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol in plants, where its intracellular concentrations are modulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. We analysed modulations of S-nitrosothiols and protein S-nitrosation mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in cultivated Solanum lycopersicum (susceptible) and wild Solanum habrochaites (resistant genotype) up to 96 h post inoculation (hpi) by two hemibiotrophic oomycetes, Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora parasitica. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and protein level were decreased by P. infestans and P. parasitica infection in both genotypes, whereas protein S-nitrosothiols were increased by P. infestans infection, particularly at 72 hpi related to pathogen biotrophy-necrotrophy transition. Increased levels of S-nitrosothiols localised in both proximal and distal parts to the infection site, which suggests together with their localisation to vascular bundles a signalling role in systemic responses. S-nitrosation targets in plants infected with P. infestans identified by a proteomic analysis include namely antioxidant and defence proteins, together with important proteins of metabolic, regulatory and structural functions. Ascorbate peroxidase S-nitrosation was observed in both genotypes in parallel to increased enzyme activity and protein level during P. infestans pathogenesis, namely in the susceptible genotype. These results show important regulatory functions of protein S-nitrosation in concerting molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of ubiquitous posttranslational modification of proteins on the basis of the attachment of the nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-based modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the emerging role of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (TRXR-TRX) system in protein denitrosation. Important advances have been recently achieved on plant thioredoxins (TRXs) and their properties, regulation, and functions in the control of protein S-nitrosation in plant root development, translation of photosynthetic light harvesting proteins, and immune responses. Future studies of plants with down- and upregulated TRXs together with the application of genomics and proteomics approaches will contribute to obtain new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.

• Klíčová slova
• S-nitrosation, denitrosation, nitric oxide, plant redox signaling, reactive nitrogen species, thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) exerts crucial roles in the homeostasis of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in plant cells through indirect control of S-nitrosation, an important protein post-translational modification in signaling pathways of NO. Using cultivated and wild tomato species, we studied GSNOR function in interactions of key enzymes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism with RNS mediated by protein S-nitrosation during tomato root growth and responses to salinity and cadmium. Application of a GSNOR inhibitor N6022 increased both NO and S-nitrosothiol levels and stimulated root growth in both genotypes. Moreover, N6022 treatment, as well as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) application, caused intensive S-nitrosation of important enzymes of ROS metabolism, NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Under abiotic stress, activities of APX and NADPHox were modulated by S-nitrosation. Increased production of H2O2 and subsequent oxidative stress were observed in wild Solanumhabrochaites, together with increased GSNOR activity and reduced S-nitrosothiols. An opposite effect occurred in cultivated S. lycopersicum, where reduced GSNOR activity and intensive S-nitrosation resulted in reduced ROS levels by abiotic stress. These data suggest stress-triggered disruption of ROS homeostasis, mediated by modulation of RNS and S-nitrosation of NADPHox and APX, underlies tomato root growth inhibition by salinity and cadmium stress.

• Klíčová slova
• S-nitrosation, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, Solanum habrochaites, Solanum lycopersicum, abiotic stress, cadmium, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, root growth, salinity,
• MeSH
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• askorbátperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• benzamidy chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• chlorid sodný farmakologie   MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• kadmium toxicita   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• NADPH-oxidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• nitrosace MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• pyrroly chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• S-nitrosoglutathion farmakologie   MeSH
• S-nitrosothioly metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum lycopersicum účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• askorbátperoxidasa MeSH
• benzamidy MeSH
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione-independent MeSH Prohlížeč
• kadmium MeSH
• N6022 MeSH Prohlížeč
• NADPH-oxidasy MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• pyrroly MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• S-nitrosoglutathion MeSH
• S-nitrosothioly MeSH

S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of protein posttranslational regulations, based on the attachment of a nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-base modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. In plant, S-nitrosation is involved in a wide array of cellular processes during normal development and stress responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key enzyme which regulates intracellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and indirectly also of protein S-nitrosothiols. GSNOR functions are mediated by its enzymatic activity, which catalyzes irreversible GSNO conversion to oxidized glutathione within the cellular catabolism of nitric oxide. GSNOR is involved in the maintenance of balanced levels of reactive nitrogen species and in the control of cellular redox state. Multiple functions of GSNOR in plant development via NO-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms and in plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions have been uncovered. Extensive studies of plants with down- and upregulated GSNOR, together with application of transcriptomics and proteomics approaches, seem promising for new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.

• Klíčová slova
• S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione, S-nitrosation, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, S-nitrosothiols, nitric oxide,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Resistant Lactuca spp. genotypes can efficiently modulate levels of S-nitrosothiols as reactive nitrogen species derived from nitric oxide in their defence mechanism against invading biotrophic pathogens including lettuce downy mildew. S-Nitrosylation belongs to principal signalling pathways of nitric oxide in plant development and stress responses. Protein S-nitrosylation is regulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) as a key catabolic enzyme of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the major intracellular S-nitrosothiol. GSNOR expression, level and activity were studied in leaves of selected genotypes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and wild Lactuca spp. during interactions with biotrophic mildews, Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew), Golovinomyces cichoracearum (lettuce powdery mildew) and non-pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici (tomato powdery mildew) during 168 h post inoculation (hpi). GSNOR expression was increased in all genotypes both in the early phase at 6 hpi and later phase at 72 hpi, with a high increase observed in L. sativa UCDM2 responses to all three pathogens. GSNOR protein also showed two-phase increase, with highest changes in L. virosa-B. lactucae and L. sativa cv. UCDM2-G. cichoracearum pathosystems, whereas P. neolycopersici induced GSNOR protein at 72 hpi in all genotypes. Similarly, a general pattern of modulated GSNOR activities in response to biotrophic mildews involves a two-phase increase at 6 and 72 hpi. Lettuce downy mildew infection caused GSNOR activity slightly increased only in resistant L. saligna and L. virosa genotypes; however, all genotypes showed increased GSNOR activity both at 6 and 72 hpi by lettuce powdery mildew. We observed GSNOR-mediated decrease of S-nitrosothiols as a general feature of Lactuca spp. response to mildew infection, which was also confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of GSNOR and GSNO in infected plant tissues. Our results demonstrate that GSNOR is differentially modulated in interactions of susceptible and resistant Lactuca spp. genotypes with fungal mildews and uncover the role of S-nitrosylation in molecular mechanisms of plant responses to biotrophic pathogens.

• Klíčová slova
• Bremia lactucae, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Lettuce downy mildew, Lettuce powdery mildew, Nitric oxide, Pseudoidium neolycopersici,
• MeSH
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem fyziologie   MeSH
• oomycety patogenita   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• S-nitrosothioly metabolismus   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione-independent MeSH Prohlížeč
• S-nitrosothioly MeSH

S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine thiol groups has recently emerged as a widespread and important reversible post-translational protein modification, involved in redox signalling pathways of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), member of class III alcohol dehydrogenase family (EC 1.1.1.1), is considered the key enzyme in the catabolism of major low molecular S-nitrosothiol, S-nitrosoglutathione, and hence to control the level of protein S-nitrosylation. Changes of GSNOR activity after exposure to different abiotic stress conditions, including low and high temperature, continuous dark and de-etiolation, and mechanical injury, were investigated in important agricultural plants. Significantly higher GSNOR activity was found under normal conditions in leaves of Cucumis spp. genotype sensitive to biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. GSNOR activity was generally increased in all studied plants by all types of stress conditions. Strong down-regulation of GSNOR was observed in hypocotyls of etiolated pea plants, which did not recover to values of green plants even 168 h after the transfer of etiolated plants to normal light regime. These results point to important role of GSNOR during normal plant development and in plant responses to several types of abiotic stress conditions.

• MeSH
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Ascomycota patogenita   MeSH
• Cucumis melo enzymologie   genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Cucumis sativus enzymologie   genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• hrách setý enzymologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hypokotyl enzymologie   MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• nízká teplota MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione-independent MeSH Prohlížeč