Nejvíce citovaný článek - PubMed ID 23587344
UNLABELLED: The intracellular parasite Cardinium influences the bacterial microbiome composition of arthropod hosts; however, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We sought to evaluate the interactions between Cardinium (cTPut) and SOL in Tyrophagus putrescentiae cultures based on relative abundance and gene expression data. First, we assembled the genome of Candidatus Krakonobacterium acarorum (formerly the Soliltalea-like symbiont SOL), a novel lineage of the Bacteroidota symbiont of mites. The assemblage SOL genome (1.2 Mb) contained complete pathways for the biosynthesis of lipoic acids, pantothenate, and menaquinone from futalosine. SOL is considered a facultative inhabitant (with prevalences ranging from 36% to 80% among individuals) of the gut (from 102 to 104 copies/mite) that is not detected in eggs, suggesting an extracellular location in the gut of mites. Second, gene expression was analyzed in SOL-inhabited cultures, including two cultures with cTPut and two cultures without cTPut. Correlation-based evidence for competition between cTPut and SOL was found mainly in the expression of transporter proteins. The presence of cTPut decreased interactions between SOL and the mite host; however, SOL is under greater control by mites in the presence of cTPut than in the absence of cTPut. Mite KEGG gene expression levels in the peroxisome, autophagy, sphingolipid, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt, and lysozyme pathways were more strongly correlated with SOL gene expression in cultures without cTPut than in those with cTPut. In contrast, mite KEGG gene expression levels in the proteasome, NF-κB, TNF, calcium, and Rap1 signaling pathways were more strongly correlated with SOL in the presence of cTPut. The explanation for these results is that cTPut mostly interacts with the mite host, resulting in changes in the host's immunity-related/regulatory pathways, indirectly affecting the symbiont SOL. IMPORTANCE: Here, we describe the novel Bacteroidetes symbiont (SOL) of mites. The analysis of gene expression in meta-transcriptomic samples from cultures with and without the intracellular parasite Cardinium revealed the effect of Cardinium on SOL as a model facultative symbiont of mites. Our findings suggest that there is competition between these two symbionts for nutrients. In addition, Cardinium can influence other bacterial symbionts via mite host immunity-related and regulatory pathways. Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a cosmopolitan pest mite that contaminates the home environment, including stored food and feed, with allergens. The interactions between intracellular bacteria and other members of the microbiome influence host physiology and indirectly affect allergen production.
- Klíčová slova
- Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidota, Cardinium, gene expression, interaction, mite, symbionts,
- MeSH
- Acaridae * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Bacteroidetes * genetika fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom bakteriální MeSH
- roztoči * mikrobiologie MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The bacterium Wolbachia infects many insect species and spreads by diverse vertical and horizontal means. As co-inherited organisms, these bacteria often cause problems in mitochondrial phylogeny inference. The phylogenetic relationships of many closely related Palaearctic blue butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae) are ambiguous. We considered the patterns of Wolbachia infection and mitochondrial diversity in two systems: Aricia agestis/Aricia artaxerxes and the Pseudophilotes baton species complex. We sampled butterflies across their distribution ranges and sequenced one butterfly mitochondrial gene and two Wolbachia genes. Both butterfly systems had uninfected and infected populations, and harboured several Wolbachia strains. Wolbachia was highly prevalent in A. artaxerxes and the host's mitochondrial structure was shallow, in contrast to A. agestis. Similar bacterial alleles infected both Aricia species from nearby sites, pointing to a possible horizontal transfer. Mitochondrial history of the P. baton species complex mirrored its Wolbachia infection and not the taxonomical division. Pseudophilotes baton and P. vicrama formed a hybrid zone in Europe. Wolbachia could obscure mitochondrial history, but knowledge on the infection helps us to understand the observed patterns. Testing for Wolbachia should be routine in mitochondrial DNA studies.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika mikrobiologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- motýli genetika mikrobiologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- Wolbachia genetika patogenita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mitochondriální DNA MeSH
Understanding interactions between herbivores and parasitoids is essential for successful biodiversity protection and monitoring and for biological pest control. Morphological identifications employ insect rearing and are complicated by insects' high diversity and crypsis. DNA barcoding has been successfully used in studies of host-parasitoid interactions as it can substantially increase the recovered real host-parasitoid diversity distorted by overlooked species complexes, or by species with slight morphological differences. However, this approach does not allow the simultaneous detection and identification of host(s) and parasitoid(s). Recently, high-throughput sequencing has shown high potential for surveying ecological communities and trophic interactions. Using mock samples comprising insect larvae and their parasitoids, we tested the potential of DNA metabarcoding for identifying individuals involved in host-parasitoid interactions to different taxonomic levels, and compared it to standard DNA barcoding and morphological approaches. For DNA metabarcoding, we targeted the standard barcoding marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I using highly degenerate primers, 2*300 bp sequencing on a MiSeq platform, and RTAX classification using paired-end reads. Additionally, using a large host-parasitoid dataset from a Central European floodplain forest, we assess the completeness and usability of a local reference library by confronting the number of Barcoding Index Numbers obtained by standard barcoding with the number of morphotypes. Overall, metabarcoding recovery was high, identifying 92.8% of the taxa present in mock samples, and identification success within individual taxonomic levels did not significantly differ among metabarcoding, standard barcoding, and morphology. Based on the current local reference library, 39.4% parasitoid and 90.7% host taxa were identified to the species level. DNA barcoding estimated higher parasitoid diversity than morphotyping, especially in groups with high level of crypsis. This study suggests the potential of metabarcoding for effectively recovering host-parasitoid diversity, together with more accurate identifications obtained from building reliable and comprehensive reference libraries, especially for parasitoids.
The microbial symbionts of eukaryotes influence disease resistance in many host-parasite systems. Symbionts show substantial variation in both genotype and phenotype, but it is unclear how natural selection maintains this variation. It is also unknown whether variable symbiont genotypes show specificity with the genotypes of hosts or parasites in natural populations. Genotype by genotype interactions are a necessary condition for coevolution between interacting species. Uncovering the patterns of genetic specificity among hosts, symbionts, and parasites is therefore critical for determining the role that symbionts play in host-parasite coevolution. Here, we show that the strength of protection conferred against a fungal pathogen by a vertically transmitted symbiont of an aphid is influenced by both host-symbiont and symbiont-pathogen genotype by genotype interactions. Further, we show that certain symbiont phylogenetic clades have evolved to provide stronger protection against particular pathogen genotypes. However, we found no evidence of reciprocal adaptation of co-occurring host and symbiont lineages. Our results suggest that genetic variation among symbiont strains may be maintained by antagonistic coevolution with their host and/or their host's parasites.
- Klíčová slova
- Coevolution *, endosymbiont *, fungal pathogens *, mutualism *, pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) *, symbiont-mediated resistance *,
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- houby patogenita MeSH
- mšice parazitologie MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
