OBJECTIVES: Fruit and vegetable intake has been reported as one of the significant protective factors against the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aimed to assess the possible preventive effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on developing CVD. METHODS: A total of 398 participants (205 cases and 193 controls) referred for elective coronary angiography with clinical suspicion of coronary artery disease to Prince Hamza Hospital in Amman were enrolled in this case-control study. Dietary data were collected separately from each patient using interview-based food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The findings of the present study revealed that a total consumption of 3 servings of vegetable per day decreased significantly the risk of CVD to about 54% (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.22-0.97, p = 0.033). Consumption of banana was found to reduce the risk of CVD to about 44% and 62% when consuming 1-2 and 3-6 servings/week, respectively, with p-value for trend 0.004. For the vegetables, the consumption of grape leaves and stuffed vegetables in general was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD. Increasing cauliflower consumption of 1-2 servings per week decreased CVD risk to about 37% (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.38-0.98). Consuming up to 3-6 servings per week of mixed vegetables (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.83) and onion (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22-0.80) revealed an inverse association with CVD development. CONCLUSIONS: Adding to the present evidence, consumption of some fruits and vegetables could be considered as preventive factor against developing CVD. However, the association of consuming vegetables with preventing CVD was higher than the fruit consumption.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiovascular disease, case-control study, fruits, vegetables,
• MeSH
• dieta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ochranné faktory MeSH
• ovoce * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zelenina * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jordánsko epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Dental caries is a widespread multifactorial disease, caused by the demineralization of hard dental tissues. Susceptibility to dental caries is partially genetically conditioned; this study was aimed at finding an association of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding proteins involved in amelogenesis with this disease in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, 15 SNPs in ALOX15, AMBN, AMELX, KLK4, TFIP11, and TUFT1 genes were analyzed in 150 children with primary dentition and 611 children with permanent teeth with/without dental caries from the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC) cohort. RESULTS: Dental caries in primary dentition was associated with SNPs in AMELX (rs17878486) and KLK4 (rs198968, rs2242670), and dental caries in permanent dentition with SNPs in AMELX (rs17878486) and KLK4 (rs2235091, rs2242670, rs2978642), (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences between cases and controls were observed in the allele or genotype frequencies of any of the selected SNPs in ALOX15, AMBN, TFIP11, and TUFT1 genes (p > 0.05). Some KLK4 haplotypes were associated with dental caries in permanent dentition (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, we found that although the SNPs in AMELX and KLK4 are localized in intronic regions and their functional significance has not yet been determined, they are associated with susceptibility to dental caries in children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: AMELX and KLK4 variants could be considered in the risk assessment of dental caries, especially in permanent dentition, in the European Caucasian population.

• Klíčová slova
• Amelogenin, Dental caries, Gene polymorphism, Kallikrein 4, Tooth morphology,
• MeSH
• amelogeneze * genetika   MeSH
• amelogenin genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zubní kaz * genetika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amelogenin MeSH

BACKGROUND: This case-control study aimed to quantitatively assess the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after primary lip repair using high-resolution ultrasonography, and to compare these measurements with children presenting isolated cleft palate (CP) without lip involvement. METHODS: For this, 12 infants with UCLP who had undergone primary lip repair at 4-5 months of age were examined during subsequent palatoplasty at 9-12 months. They were compared to eight age-matched controls with isolated CP. Using a 22 MHz "hockey stick" transducer under general anaesthesia, muscle thickness (MT), height (MH), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the OOM were measured on both sides of the upper lip. RESULTS: The cleft side of the study group showed a significantly reduced CSA compared to the non-cleft side (p = 0.05), while MT was lower but not statistically significant. When compared with the control group, the cleft side showed significantly smaller CSA (p = 0.02) and MT (p = 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the non-cleft side and the control group, indicating normal muscle development on the unaffected side. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound proved to be a safe, reliable, and accessible tool for evaluating perioral muscle morphology in infants. The findings indicate persistent hypoplasia of the OOM on the cleft side post-repair, while the non-cleft side exhibits regular growth. These results may inform surgical technique selection and underline the potential of ultrasound for longitudinal studies. Future research could further enhance our understanding of muscle development and surgical outcomes in cleft patients.

• Klíčová slova
• Case-control study, Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Facial growth, Muscle morphology, Orbicularis oris muscle, Ultrasonography,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličejové svaly * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rozštěp patra * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether infection with human enterovirus or adenovirus, both common intestinal viruses, predicts development of coeliac disease. DESIGN: Case-control study nested within Norwegian birth cohort recruited between 2001 and 2007 and followed to September 2016. SETTING: Norwegian population. PARTICIPANTS: Children carrying the HLA genotype DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2 conferring increased risk of coeliac disease. EXPOSURES: Enterovirus and adenovirus detected using real time polymerase chain reaction in monthly stool samples from age 3 to 36 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Coeliac disease diagnosed according to standard criteria. Coeliac disease antibodies were tested in blood samples taken at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually. Adjusted odds ratios from mixed effects logistic regression model were used to assess the relation between viral infections before development of coeliac disease antibodies and coeliac disease. RESULTS: Among 220 children, and after a mean of 9.9 (SD 1.6) years, 25 children were diagnosed as having coeliac disease after screening and were matched to two controls each. Enterovirus was found in 370 (17%) of 2135 samples and was significantly more frequent in samples collected before development of coeliac disease antibodies in cases than in controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.06; P=0.02). The association was restricted to infections after introduction of gluten. High quantity samples (>100 000 copies/μL) (adjusted odds ratio 2.11, 1.24 to 3.60; P=0.01) and long lasting infections (>2 months) (2.16, 1.16 to 4.04; P=0.02) gave higher risk estimates. Both the commonly detected enterovirus species Enterovirus A and Enterovirus B were significantly associated with coeliac disease. The association was not found for infections during or after development of coeliac disease antibodies. Adenovirus was not associated with coeliac disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal study, a higher frequency of enterovirus, but not adenovirus, during early childhood was associated with later coeliac disease. The finding adds new information on the role of viral infections in the aetiology of coeliac disease.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky krev   MeSH
• celiakie virologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• enterovirové infekce komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Enterovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Norsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• autoprotilátky MeSH

Previous studies have identified numerous risk factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very low birth weight (VLBW; birth weight less than 1500 g) infants. One of the potential pathophysiological contributors could be antibiotic therapy. Our aim was to explore the association between antibiotic exposure and NEC in VLBW infants. We designed a retrospective 1:2 case-control cohort study in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Our study group composed of VLBW infants born between January 2012 and December 2014 with a diagnosis of NEC stage IIA or greater (Bell's modified criteria). Our intent was to match every case in the study group to two controls. Our primary outcome was an association between antibiotic exposure and NEC. Twenty-two cases of NEC were matched to 32 controls. The infants who developed NEC were exposed to a statistically significantly more frequent number of antibiotic courses and to more days on any antibiotic prior to the development of NEC. There were significant differences between cases and controls with respect to the duration of exposure to gentamicin and meropenem specifically.Conclusion: The data from our study demonstrate that prolonged exposure to antibiotic therapy is associated with an increased risk of NEC among VLBW infants. Furthermore, gentamicin and meropenem, but not other antibiotics, had a significant association with the incidence of NEC. What is known: • Early antibiotic exposure is a risk factor for the development of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very low birth weight infants • Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic course for ≥ 5 days, despite sterile blood culture, is associated with an increased risk of developing NEC What is new: • The cumulative total number of days of antibiotic exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing NEC • Gentamicin and meropenem, but not other antibiotics, had a significant association with the incidence of NEC in our study.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiotics, Case-control study, Necrotising enterocolitis, Very-low-birth-weight infant,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• gentamiciny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče o novorozence statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meropenem škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• nekrotizující enterokolitida epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec s velmi nízkou porodní hmotností MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• gentamiciny MeSH
• meropenem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Research shows the elevated risk of suicide associated with current or recent inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. However, it is unclear whether this applies in the area of post-communist Central and Eastern Europe where mental health care has not been deinstitutionalized yet. The present study aims to examine the rates of suicides among psychiatric patients during and shortly after discharge from inpatient hospitalization in the Czech Republic. METHODS: All inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations and all suicides committed between 2008 and 2012 have been merged on an individual data basis. The time horizon between the admission and two months after the discharge from inpatient psychiatric facility was utilized and multiple logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds of committing suicide. RESULTS: A total of 137,290 inpatients were hospitalized in Czech psychiatric facilities between 2008 and 2012, and 402 of the inpatients committed suicide during the hospitalization or within the 2 months after the discharge. Highly elevated risks of suicides were found to be associated with being a male, having a history of multiple hospitalizations, and having a diagnosis of affective, anxiety, or personality disorder. LIMITATIONS: Limitations are related to the design of the study, and its reliance on routinely collected data. Also, it was not possible to assess the odds of suicide associated with inpatient psychiatric hospitalization against the odds of suicide in general population. CONCLUSIONS: During psychiatric treatment and recovery, suicial behavior and idealiation is increased. In psychiatry, hospitalization may be a risky period for suicide behavior. Suicide rates during and soon after the psychiatric hospitalization identified in this study from Central and Eastern Europe are similar to the findings from Western Europe. Preventive strategies should be tailored accordingly.

• Klíčová slova
• Case control study, Central and Eastern Europe, Psychiatric hospitalization, Suicide,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy mortalita   MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hospitalizovaní pacienti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poruchy nálady mortalita   MeSH
• poruchy osobnosti mortalita   MeSH
• propuštění pacienta MeSH
• psychiatrické oddělení nemocnice MeSH
• sebevražda psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sebevražedné myšlenky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• ústavy pro duševně nemocné MeSH
• úzkostné poruchy mortalita   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are repeatedly affected by oral diseases or problems, including dental caries and periodontal diseases (PDs). Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis are chronic inflammatory destructive diseases that share many similarities. The objective of this study was to assess oral health status including examination of hard dental tissues and periodontium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compare the results with healthy controls. We hypothesize some interlink between oral diseases and RA. METHODS: The epidemiological case-control study involved a total of 64 subjects divided into an experimental group (14 rheumatoid arthritis cases) and a control group (50 healthy individuals). Disease activity in the subjects with RA was assessed by the Disease Activity Score (DAS28). The number of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need (CPITN) as a basic epidemiological oral health indexes were recorded. Finally, the data were analysed statistically. RESULTS: The RA patients (19.21, SD = 6.95) showed a higher caries index level measured by DMFT than the control group (17.72, SD = 6.19); the difference was not statistically significant (U = 387.5, p = 0.547). In terms of a mean number of teeth decayed (p = 0.078), teeth filled due to caries (p = 0.397), and missing teeth (p = 0.126), the two groups were not significantly different. In terms of periodontal health, a significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning the CPI maximum score (p = 0.003). The RA patients showed higher prevalence of periodontitis than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: A complete basic oral examination, along with an oral health instruction including adequate oral and dental hygiene, is crucial to prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases and associated complications in RA patients, since they appear to be more vulnerable than the non-RA population.

• Klíčová slova
• DMFT, oral health, periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, tooth decay,
• MeSH
• DMF Index MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci parodontu epidemiologie   MeSH
• orální zdraví * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• parodontální index MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zubní kaz epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To evaluate a possible association between hip fracture and statin use. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this case-control study we compared the use of statins between two groups of 210 patients: the first group (case group) included patients hospitalized for hip fractures while the second group (control group) included patients who did not suffer femur bone injuries. The two groups were matched for age, sex, year of hospitalization and possible confounding factors. Inside the group of cases, we also evaluated the differences in terms of fracture type, presence of previous fragility fracture and mortality between statin users and non-users. RESULTS The use of statins was most common among patients without previous fractures (OR=0.54; 95% CI=0.33-0.89; p=0.0138), especially in older patients (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.22-0.76). We did not find any significant difference in statin intake between men and women in the control group. In the case group, those who did not use statins were more likely to undergo a medial hip fracture (28.5% vs 16.1%). Patients from case group also presented a greater mortality (27.9% vs 19.35%) and an higher percentage of previous hip fractures (20.11% vs 9.7%). However, they didn't presented a significant higher rate of fragility fractures in other sites. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a reduced hip fracture risk, especially in cases aged 80 or more, a different fracture pattern (lower percentage of medial fractures) and a reduced mortality at 9 months in patients treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, confirming the previous evidences reported in literature. Key words: statin, hip fractures, fracture risk, osteoporosis.

• MeSH
• fraktury kyčle * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• statiny * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• statiny * MeSH

AIM: To determine risk factors associated with keratoconus in Bucaramanga, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A paired case-control study was conducted at Bucaramanga, Colombia, between November 2022 and December 2023. The controls were age- and sex-matched. Patients answered a questionnaire designed for this study regarding their family history of keratoconus, eye rubbing, atopy, sun exposure, and sleeping habits. Information from medical records was also obtained. Univariate and multivariate conditional analyses were used to test the significance of associations. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-six patients with a diagnosis of keratoconus and 312 controls were included. Univariate analyses revealed significant differences between cases and controls in the following factors: very frequent eye rubbing (OR = 20.9, 95% CI 6.2-70.1), a positive family history of keratoconus (OR = 13.0, 95% CI 5.5-30.8), a personal history of atopy (OR = 2.2), and nocturnal eye compression (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.7). Multivariate analysis showed a statistical significance for eye rubbing (OR = 6.9, 95% CI 3.8-12.5), and family history of keratoconus (OR = 10.3, 95% CI 2.3-44.9). There was a significant mild interaction between both, since when the two coincided the OR increased up to 74.1 times. CONCLUSION: Eye rubbing and family history of keratoconus were the most important risk factors for keratoconus in our population. Although it is impossible to establish causal relationships, our results suggest that controlling eye rubbing could be a potentially useful preventive measure, particularly in individuals with a family history of keratoconus. Other factors, such as sun exposure, sleeping position, and atopy, may play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Case-control studies, Latin America, keratoconus, risk factors,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• keratokonus * genetika   etiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kolumbie epidemiologie   MeSH

THEORY: Patients falls have a multifactorial character and typically have multiple causalities. GOAL: The goal of the study was to identify risk factors for falls of hospitalized patients. METHODOLOGY: This was a case-control study. The study included 222 patients who experienced a fall during their hospitalization (cases) and 1,076 patients who did not fall during their hospitalization (controls). The study involved four hospitals in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. The study took place during the 2017 calendar year. RESULTS: The average age of patients who experienced a fall was 77.9 years. The group of cases included 5-times more patients with a history of falls than the controls. Patients who fell were in higher risk of falls than patients in the control group at hospital admission. The group of cases also had a higher prevalence of confused and restless patients; however, the group did not include a statistically significantly higher number of incontinent patients, patients with eating and drinking disorders, or patients with intravenous therapy than the control group. CONCLUSION: Interventions aimed at prevention of falls should be included in care plans, especially for older patients, patients who have fallen in the past, patients who have movement restriction, patients with cognitive dysfunction, and patients with increased need of assistance with basic daily activities.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nemocnice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• úrazy pádem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH