• Klíčová slova
• EYELIDS *, POSTOPERATIVE CARE *, SURGERY, PLASTIC *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oční víčka * MeSH
• plastická chirurgie * MeSH
• plastické hmoty * MeSH
• pooperační péče * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty * MeSH

Plastic waste disposal is a huge ecotechnological problem and one of the approaches to solving this problem is the development of biodegradable plastics. This review summarizes data on their use, biodegradability, commercial reliability and production from renewable resources. Some commercially successful biodegradable plastics are based on chemical synthesis (i.e. polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, and polyvinyl alcohol). Others are products of microbial fermentations (i.e. polyesters and neutral polysaccharides) or are prepared from chemically modified natural products (e.g., starch, cellulose, chitin or soy protein).

• MeSH
• Bacteria metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biotechnologie metody   MeSH
• celulosa chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• houby metabolismus   MeSH
• plastické hmoty chemická syntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• polyestery metabolismus   MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• škrob chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• celulosa MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• polyestery MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• škrob MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES *, PLASTICS *, RADIOLOGY *,
• MeSH
• plastické hmoty * MeSH
• radiologie * MeSH
• zdravotnické prostředky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty * MeSH

This paper describes a method for determination of the diffusion coefficient and the solubility of radon in plastics. The method is based on the absorption and desorption of radon in plastics. Firstly, plastic specimens are exposed for controlled time to referent (222)Rn concentrations. After exposure, the activity of the specimens is followed by HPGe gamma spectrometry. Using the mathematical algorithm described in this report and the decrease of activity as a function of time, the diffusion coefficient can be determined. In addition, if the referent (222)Rn concentration during the exposure is known, the solubility of radon can be determined. The algorithm has been experimentally applied for different plastics. The results show that this approach allows the specified quantities to be determined with a rather high accuracy-depending on the quality of the counting equipment, it can be better than 10 %.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matematika MeSH
• monitorování radiace * MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• radon analýza   chemie   MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• spektrometrie gama MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• radon MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• FOOD-PROCESSING INDUSTRY *, PLASTICS/toxicology *,
• MeSH
• hygiena * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nylony * MeSH
• plastické hmoty toxicita   MeSH
• průmysl zpracování potravin * MeSH
• průmysl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nylony * MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• EYE *, PLASTICS/effects *, VITALLIUM/effects *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oči * MeSH
• plastické hmoty farmakologie   MeSH
• přední komora oční * MeSH
• vitalium farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• vitalium MeSH

Certain agricultural plastics, i.e., mulching films, are generally considered as potent sources of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), due to their direct application on soil and waste mishandling. During the synthesis and fabrication of such agricultural plastics, it is necessary to use chemicals, the so-called plastic additives (PAs), improving the physicochemical properties of the final polymeric product. However, since PAs are loosely bound on the polymer matrix, they can potentially leach into the soil environment with unidentified effects. Clearly, to monitor the fate of PAs in the terrestrial ecosystem, it is necessary to develop accurate, sensitive and robust analytical methods. To this end, a comprehensive analytical strategy was developed for monitoring 16 PAs with diverse physicochemical properties (partition coefficient; -3 < logP<19) in soil samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). For this purpose, two different extraction procedures were developed, namely, a single step ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using ethyl acetate or an aqueous solution of methanol and a binary extraction, combining Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) and UAE principles with n-hexane as the extractant. Interestingly, within the sample preparation investigation, we identified in-lab contamination sources of PAs, e.g., centrifuge tubes or microfilters. Such consumables are made of plastic contaminating the procedural blanks and omitting their use was necessary to acquire satisfactory analytical performance. In detail, method validation was performed for 16 compounds achieving recoveries mainly in the range 70-120 %, repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD %) < 20 % and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging between 0.2 and 20 ng/g dry weight (dw). Importantly, the presented strategies are added to the very limited available for PA determination in soil, a topical issue with a significant and rather understudied impact on agriculture.

• Klíčová slova
• Agricultural plastics, Plastic additives, Plastic pollution, Quality assurance, Soil, UHPLC-MS/MS,
• MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• plastické hmoty * analýza   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie * metody   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• plastické hmoty * MeSH
• půda * MeSH

Research to prevent releases of brominated flame retardants listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (POP-BFRs) was conducted through an international cooperation project in Colombia. Six waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management facilities implemented: 1) sorting e-waste by product type and color (black, white, and other; henceforth called chromoproducts), 2) sampling test products and their plastic fraction (called sets, separated by polymer type), 3) monitoring mass, bromine and antimony contents by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and POP-BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 4) differentiated treatment according to categories that used the Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (RoHS) hazardousness threshold of 1000 mg ∑PBDEs/kg. This scheme led to the proposal of a methodology for WEEE management called the "chromoproduct approach". 994,230 products were managed and grouped into 222 chromoproducts, from which 77 were analyzed: 50 below RoHS hazardousness (BRH), 16 above RoHS hazardousness (ARH), and 11 unknown RoHS hazardousness (URH). XRF indicators using bromine and antimony contents could rule out pollution in BRH chromoproducts; however, categorization still required GC-MS. One ARH plastics sample had 3620 mg ∑PBDEs/kg, while no POP-BFRs were found in the BRH plastics sample. The implementation of the chromoproduct approach traced 153.6 tonnes of ARH plastics. BRH plastics composition was estimated and used in a pilot-scale closed-loop economic activity. The chromoproduct approach seems promising for avoiding POP-BFR releases and promoting the upcycling of recyclable e-waste plastics.

• Klíčová slova
• Chromoproduct, E-waste, Plastic, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Separation,
• MeSH
• antimon analýza   MeSH
• brom analýza   MeSH
• elektronický odpad * analýza   MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery analýza   MeSH
• odpadní produkty analýza   MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• retardanty hoření * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kolumbie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antimon MeSH
• brom MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery MeSH
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• retardanty hoření * MeSH

Water contaminated with plastic debris and leached plasticizers can be ingested or taken up by aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates alike, exerting adverse effects on multiple tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. As such, gut microbiomes of aquatic animals are susceptible targets for toxicity. Recent studies conducted in teleost fishes report that microplastics and plasticizers (e.g., phthalates, bisphenol A) induce gastrointestinal dysbiosis and alter microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal system. Here we synthesize the current state of the science regarding plastics, plasticizers, and their effects on microbiomes of fish. Literature suggests that microplastics and plasticizers increase the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. Actinobacillus, Mycoplasma and Stenotrophomonas) in fish and reveal that gamma-proteobacteria are sensitive to microplastics. Recommendations moving forward for the research field include (1) environmentally relevant exposures to improve understanding of the long-term impacts of microplastic and plasticizer contamination on the fish gastrointestinal microbiome; (2) investigation into the potential impacts of understudied polymers such as polypropylene, polyamide and polyester, and (3) studies with elastomers such as rubbers that are components of tire materials, as these chemicals often dominate plastic debris. Focus on both microplastics and the gut microbiota is intensifying in environmental toxicology, and herein lies an opportunity to improve evaluation of global ecological impacts associated with plastic contamination. This is important as the microbiota is intimately tied to an individual's health and fragmentation of microbial community networks and gut dysbiosis can result in disease susceptibility and early mortality events.

• Klíčová slova
• Bisphenol A, Gastrointestinal system, Immunity, Microbiome, Phthalate, Rubber,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• ekotoxikologie * MeSH
• mikroplasty toxicita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• ryby růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• mikroplasty MeSH

Plastic particles can impact the environmental fate and bioavailability of essential inorganic micronutrients and non-essential (toxic) metals. The sorption of metals to environmental plastic has been demonstrated to be facilitated by plastic ageing, a phenomenon encompassing an array of physical, chemical, and biological processes. This study deploys a factorial experiment to untangle the role of different ageing processes in determining the sorption of metals. Plastics made of three different polymer types were aged both through abiotic (ultraviolet irradiation, UV) and biotic (through the incubation with a multispecies algal inoculum forming a biofilm) processes under controlled laboratory conditions. Pristine and aged plastic samples were characterized for their physiochemical properties through Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle measurements. Their sorption affinity toward aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) in aqueous solutions was then assessed as a response variable. All ageing processes (alone or combined) influenced plastic surface properties resulting in reduced hydrophobicity, changes in surface functional groups (i.e., increase of oxygen containing functional groups after UV ageing and the appearance of marked bands as amides and polysaccharides after biofouling), as well as in nanomorphology. The sorption of Al and Cu was instead statistically dependent (p < 0.01) on the degree of biofouling covering the specimens. Biofouled plastic displayed in fact substantial affinity for metal sorption causing the depletion of up to tenfold Cu and Al compared to pristine polymers, regardless of the polymer type and presence or absence of other ageing treatments. These results confirm the hypothesis that the accumulation of metals on plastic is substantially driven by the biofilm present on environmental plastics. These findings also highlight the importance of investigating the implications of environmental plastic for metal and inorganic nutrients availability in environments impacted by this pollution.

• Klíčová slova
• Biofilm, Microplastic, Trace elements, UV ageing,
• MeSH
• bioznečištění * MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• hliník MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• měď MeSH
• plastické hmoty chemie   MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• hliník MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• měď MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• voda MeSH