YEASTS
Dotaz
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- Klíčová slova
- YEASTS *,
- MeSH
- kvasinky * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- YEASTS *,
- MeSH
- kvasinky * MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The ability to degrade mannan in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, i.e. the ability to produce an enzyme of the alpha-mannosidase type was tested in 57 representatives of various genera and species of yeasts and yeast-like organisms. Their growth was simultaneously monitored on soluble mannan and on 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyradnoside. The majority of strains produced alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24).
- Klíčová slova
- SACCHAROMYCES *, YEASTS *,
- MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie * MeSH
- jizva * MeSH
- kvasinky * MeSH
- Saccharomyces * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Yeasts are ubiquitous in temperate forests. While this broad habitat is well-defined, the yeasts inhabiting it and their life cycles, niches, and contributions to ecosystem functioning are less understood. Yeasts are present on nearly all sampled substrates in temperate forests worldwide. They associate with soils, macroorganisms, and other habitats and no doubt contribute to broader ecosystem-wide processes. Researchers have gathered information leading to hypotheses about yeasts' niches and their life cycles based on physiological observations in the laboratory as well as genomic analyses, but the challenge remains to test these hypotheses in the forests themselves. Here, we summarize the habitat and global patterns of yeast diversity, give some information on a handful of well-studied temperate forest yeast genera, discuss the various strategies to isolate forest yeasts, and explain temperate forest yeasts' contributions to biotechnology. We close with a summary of the many future directions and outstanding questions facing researchers in temperate forest yeast ecology. Yeasts present an exciting opportunity to better understand the hidden world of microbial ecology in this threatened and global habitat.
- Klíčová slova
- Cryptococcus, Komagataella, Lachancea, Saccharomyces, biodiversity, isolation,
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- kvasinky genetika MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- stromy * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Yeasts, historically considered to be single-cell organisms, are able to activate different differentiation processes. Individual yeast cells can change their life-styles by processes of phenotypic switching such as the switch from yeast-shaped cells to filamentous cells (pseudohyphae or true hyphae) and the transition among opaque, white and gray cell-types. Yeasts can also create organized multicellular structures such as colonies and biofilms, and the latter are often observed as contaminants on surfaces in industry and medical care and are formed during infections of the human body. Multicellular structures are formed mostly of stationary-phase or slow-growing cells that diversify into specific cell subpopulations that have unique metabolic properties and can fulfill specific tasks. In addition to the development of multiple protective mechanisms, processes of metabolic reprogramming that reflect a changed environment help differentiated individual cells and/or community cell constituents to survive harmful environmental attacks and/or to escape the host immune system. This review aims to provide an overview of differentiation processes so far identified in individual yeast cells as well as in multicellular communities of yeast pathogens of the Candida and Cryptococcus spp. and the Candida albicans close relative, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular mechanisms and extracellular signals potentially involved in differentiation processes are also briefly mentioned.
- Klíčová slova
- Biofilms and colonies, Candida, Cell differentiation, Cryptococcus and Saccharomyces spp., Pathogenic yeasts, Phenotypic switching,
- MeSH
- biofilmy MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace * MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- kvasinky cytologie fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics was applied to the analysis of sphingolipids of 11 yeast strains belonging to four genera, that is Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, and Wickerhamomyces. The analysis yielded comprehensive results on both qualitative and quantitative representation of complex sphingolipids of three classes-phosphoinositol ceramide (PtdInsCer), mannosyl inositol phosphoceramide (MInsPCer), and mannosyl diinositol phosphoceramide (M(InsP)2 Cer). In total, nearly 150 molecular species of complex sphingolipids were identified. Individual strains were cultured at five different temperatures, that is 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C (Wickerhamomyces genus only up to 30 °C), and the change in the culture temperature was found to affect the representation of both the sphingolipid classes and the length of the long-chain bases (LCB). Individual classes of sphingolipids differing in polar heads differed in the temperature response. The relative content of PtdInsCer increased with increasing temperature, whereas that of M(InsP)2 Cer decreased. Molecular species having C18-LCB were associated with low cultivation temperature, and a higher proportion of C20-LCB molecular species was produced at higher temperatures regardless of the type of polar head. On the other hand, the influence of temperature on the representation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) was less noticeable, the effect of the taxonomic affiliation of the strains being more pronounced than the cultivation temperature. For example, lignoceric and 2-hydrocylo-lignoceric acids were characteristic of the genera Cryptococcus and Schizosaccharomyces, and of Saccharomyces genus cultivated at high temperatures.
- Klíčová slova
- High resolution tandem electrospray mass spectrometry, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sphingolipidomics, Thermotolerant yeasts,
- MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae chemie MeSH
- sfingolipidy analýza MeSH
- stabilita proteinů MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- sfingolipidy MeSH
Production of carotenoids with red yeasts is a promising area of industrial biotechnology. All spectrophotometrical ("classic") analyses of carotenoids are based on preliminary extraction of the water-insoluble carotenoids; thus, these analyses are precise but complicated and time consuming. This paper presents a simple method to evaluate the red-colored carotenoids in yeast biomass by its color, without extraction. The method is based on digital characteristics of the biomass whole coloring, and it has already been successfully applied in other areas of biology: to compare plant and animal objects. In contrast to spectrophotometry measuring the amount of light that can pass through a solution, the biomass photo is a reflected color of the insoluble compounds. Application of this method to microorganisms permitted to compare the yeast strains and the effects of substrates or culturing regimes for any change in the red-colored pigments. The proposed rapid method was compared with the classic analyses of the carotenoids and showed that evaluation of red-colored carotenoids by the whole coloring of biomass can be used to discover changes in the yeast carotenoid production. In whole, the paper contributes method which is new for pigmented microorganisms and has a potential application in biotechnology.
- Klíčová slova
- Carotenoids, Torularhodin, Yeasts, biomass color,
- MeSH
- biomasa * MeSH
- biotechnologie trendy MeSH
- fotografování MeSH
- karotenoidy * analýza chemie MeSH
- kvasinky * chemie MeSH
- spektrofotometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- karotenoidy * MeSH
- MeSH
- antibióza * MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fungální proteiny farmakologie MeSH
- kvasinky genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fungální proteiny MeSH
The growth of microorganisms is affected by cultivation conditions, concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources and the presence of trace elements. One of the new possibilities of influencing the production of cell mass or lipids is the use of lanthanides. Lanthanides are biologically non-essential elements with wide applications in technology and industry and their concentration as environmental contaminants is therefore increasing. Although non-essential, lanthanides have been proposed (and even used) to produce beneficial effects in plants but their mechanisms of action are unclear. Recently, it was suggested that they may replace essential elements or operate as potent blockers of Ca(2+) channels. We tested the effect of low concentrations of lanthanides on traditional biotechnologically useful yeast species (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulospora delbrueckii), and species capable of high accumulation of lipids (Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida sp., Yarrowia lipolytica). Low concentrations of lanthanum and monazite were conducive to an increase in cell mass and lipids and also higher production of palmitoleic acid, commonly used in cosmetics and medicine, and ω6-linoleic acid which is a precursor of thromboxanes, prostaglandins and leucotrienes.
- Klíčová slova
- Fatty acids, Lanthanides, Microbial lipids, Non-oleaginous yeasts, Oleaginous yeasts,
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- kvasinky účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lanthanoidy farmakologie MeSH
- mastné kyseliny biosyntéza MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- průmyslová mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kultivační média MeSH
- lanthanoidy MeSH
- mastné kyseliny MeSH
