Interaction with the world around us requires extracting meaningful signals to guide behavior. Each of the six mammalian senses (olfaction, vision, somatosensation, hearing, balance, and taste) has a unique primary map that extracts sense-specific information. Sensory systems in the periphery and their target neurons in the central nervous system develop independently and must develop specific connections for proper sensory processing. In addition, the regulation of sensory map formation is independent of and prior to central target neuronal development in several maps. This review provides an overview of the current level of understanding of primary map formation of the six mammalian senses. Cell cycle exit, combined with incompletely understood molecules and their regulation, provides chemoaffinity-mediated primary maps that are further refined by activity. The interplay between cell cycle exit, molecular guidance, and activity-mediated refinement is the basis of dominance stripes after redundant organ transplantations in the visual and balance system. A more advanced level of understanding of primary map formation could benefit ongoing restoration attempts of impaired senses by guiding proper functional connection formations of restored sensory organs with their central nervous system targets.

• Klíčová slova
• cochleotopic map, olfactory map, primary sensory maps, retinotopic map, taste map, vestibular map,
• MeSH
• axony MeSH
• čich * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurogeneze * MeSH
• neurony MeSH
• podněty * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food for a significant part of the world's population. The growing demand on its production can be satisfied by improving yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Knowledge of the genome sequence would aid in discovering genes and QTLs underlying these traits and provide a basis for genomics-assisted breeding. Physical maps and BAC clones associated with them have been valuable resources from which to generate a reference genome of bread wheat and to assist map-based gene cloning. As a part of a joint effort coordinated by the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, we have constructed a BAC-based physical map of bread wheat chromosome arm 7DS consisting of 895 contigs and covering 94% of its estimated length. By anchoring BAC contigs to one radiation hybrid map and three high resolution genetic maps, we assigned 73% of the assembly to a distinct genomic position. This map integration, interconnecting a total of 1713 markers with ordered and sequenced BAC clones from a minimal tiling path, provides a tool to speed up gene cloning in wheat. The process of physical map assembly included the integration of the 7DS physical map with a whole-genome physical map of Aegilops tauschii and a 7DS Bionano genome map, which together enabled efficient scaffolding of physical-map contigs, even in the non-recombining region of the genetic centromere. Moreover, this approach facilitated a comparison of bread wheat and its ancestor at BAC-contig level and revealed a reconstructed region in the 7DS pericentromere.

• Klíčová slova
• Aegilops tauschii, BAC, BNG map, Centromere, Triticum aestivum,
• MeSH
• Aegilops genetika   MeSH
• centromera genetika   MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   MeSH
• fyzikální mapování chromozomů metody   MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• hybridizace genetická MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• pšenice genetika   MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• šlechtění rostlin MeSH
• umělé bakteriální chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Hearing depends on extracting frequency, intensity, and temporal properties from sound to generate an auditory map for acoustical signal processing. How physiology intersects with molecular specification to fine tune the developing properties of the auditory system that enable these aspects remains unclear. We made a novel conditional deletion model that eliminates the transcription factor NEUROD1 exclusively in the ear. These mice (both sexes) develop a truncated frequency range with no neuroanatomically recognizable mapping of spiral ganglion neurons onto distinct locations in the cochlea nor a cochleotopic map presenting topographically discrete projections to the cochlear nuclei. The disorganized primary cochleotopic map alters tuning properties of the inferior colliculus units, which display abnormal frequency, intensity, and temporal sound coding. At the behavioral level, animals show alterations in the acoustic startle response, consistent with altered neuroanatomical and physiological properties. We demonstrate that absence of the primary afferent topology during embryonic development leads to dysfunctional tonotopy of the auditory system. Such effects have never been investigated in other sensory systems because of the lack of comparable single gene mutation models.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT All sensory systems form a topographical map of neuronal projections from peripheral sensory organs to the brain. Neuronal projections in the auditory pathway are cochleotopically organized, providing a tonotopic map of sound frequencies. Primary sensory maps typically arise by molecular cues, requiring physiological refinements. Past work has demonstrated physiologic plasticity in many senses without ever molecularly undoing the specific mapping of an entire primary sensory projection. We genetically manipulated primary auditory neurons to generate a scrambled cochleotopic projection. Eliminating tonotopic representation to auditory nuclei demonstrates the inability of physiological processes to restore a tonotopic presentation of sound in the midbrain. Our data provide the first insights into the limits of physiology-mediated brainstem plasticity during the development of the auditory system.

• Klíčová slova
• Neurod1 mutation, auditory pathway, cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, plasticity, sensory topographical map,
• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• colliculus inferior anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• ganglion spirale cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mezencefalon embryologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nucleus cochlearis anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• sluch fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchová percepce genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• úleková reakce genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• vestibulární aparát anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání výšky zvuku fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Neurod1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• transkripční faktory bHLH MeSH

The precise location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis within the nucleolus is the subject of recent controversy; some investigators have detected nascent RNA in the dense fibrillar components (DFCs) while others have localized transcription to the fibrillar centers (FCs). We endeavored to resolve this controversy by applying a new technique for non-isotopic labeling of RNA and examined the synthesis and movement of non-isotopically labeled rRNA within the nucleolus. We found that rRNA is synthesized only in a restricted area of DFCs, also involving the boundary region with FCs. We traced a movement of RNA from transcription sites through DFCs to granular components. Our results indicate functional compartmentalization of DFCs with respect to the synthesis and processing of precursor rRNA. In situ mapping of the 5' leader sequence of the 5' external transcribed spacer together with transcription labeling indicated that transcription and the first steps in processing of precursor rRNA are spatially separated. Surprisingly, the results also pointed to a partially extended conformation of newly synthesized precursor rRNA transcripts.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko genetika   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• chromozomální proteiny, nehistonové metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika přímá MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• hybridizace in situ metody   MeSH
• imunoelektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• luminescentní proteiny analýza   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• posttranskripční úpravy RNA * MeSH
• prekurzory RNA biosyntéza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální biosyntéza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chromozomální proteiny, nehistonové MeSH
• fibrillarin MeSH Prohlížeč
• luminescentní proteiny MeSH
• prekurzory RNA MeSH
• RNA ribozomální MeSH
• zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH

Relatively little is known about the spatial organization of RNA synthesis, processing, and transport in (mammalian) cell nuclei. This review summarizes results of electron microscopic mapping of RNA synthetic sites and macromolecules involved directly, or indirectly, in the metabolism of RNAs in somatic cell mammalian nuclei. Significance of these results will be discussed in the context of the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial arrangements of RNA metabolism.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko ultrastruktura   MeSH
• buněčné jádro metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• chromatin metabolismus   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttranskripční úpravy RNA * MeSH
• RNA biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chromatin MeSH
• RNA MeSH

Changes in connectivity of the posterior node of the default mode network (DMN) were studied when switching from baseline to a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In all, 15 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 18 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC) participated in the study. Psychophysiological interactions analysis was used to assess the specific alterations in the DMN connectivity (deactivation-based) due to psychological effects from the complex visual scene encoding task. In HC, we observed task-induced connectivity decreases between the posterior cingulate and middle temporal and occipital visual cortices. These findings imply successful involvement of the ventral visual pathway during the visual processing in our HC cohort. In AD, involvement of the areas engaged in the ventral visual pathway was observed only in a small volume of the right middle temporal gyrus. Additional connectivity changes (decreases) in AD were present between the posterior cingulate and superior temporal gyrus when switching from baseline to task condition. These changes are probably related to both disturbed visual processing and the DMN connectivity in AD and reflect deficits and compensatory mechanisms within the large scale brain networks in this patient population. Studying the DMN connectivity using psychophysiological interactions analysis may provide a sensitive tool for exploring early changes in AD and their dynamics during the disease progression.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's disease, default mode network, functional MRI, posterior cingulate, visual processing,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc patologie   MeSH
• kyslík krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku * MeSH
• mozek krevní zásobení   patofyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť krevní zásobení   patologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zrakové dráhy krevní zásobení   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyslík MeSH

Human perception and cognition are based predominantly on visual information processing. Much of the information regarding neuronal correlates of visual processing has been derived from functional imaging studies, which have identified a variety of brain areas contributing to visual analysis, recognition, and processing of objects and scenes. However, only two of these areas, namely the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the lateral occipital complex (LOC), were verified and further characterized by intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG). iEEG is a unique measurement technique that samples a local neuronal population with high temporal and anatomical resolution. In the present study, we aimed to expand on previous reports and examine brain activity for selectivity of scenes and objects in the broadband high-gamma frequency range (50-150 Hz). We collected iEEG data from 27 epileptic patients while they watched a series of images, containing objects and scenes, and we identified 375 bipolar channels responding to at least one of these two categories. Using K-means clustering, we delineated their brain localization. In addition to the two areas described previously, we detected significant responses in two other scene-selective areas, not yet reported by any electrophysiological studies; namely the occipital place area (OPA) and the retrosplenial complex. Moreover, using iEEG we revealed a much broader network underlying visual processing than that described to date, using specialized functional imaging experimental designs. Here, we report the selective brain areas for scene processing include the posterior collateral sulcus and the anterior temporal region, which were already shown to be related to scene novelty and landmark naming. The object-selective responses appeared in the parietal, frontal, and temporal regions connected with tool use and object recognition. The temporal analyses specified the time course of the category selectivity through the dorsal and ventral visual streams. The receiver operating characteristic analyses identified the PPA and the fusiform portion of the LOC as being the most selective for scenes and objects, respectively. Our findings represent a valuable overview of visual processing selectivity for scenes and objects based on iEEG analyses and thus, contribute to a better understanding of visual processing in the human brain.

• Klíčová slova
• high-frequency gamma activity, human brain, lateral occipital complex, objects, parahippocampal place area, scenes, stereoencephalography, visual processing,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is an irreplaceable variant of PCR techniques due to its capacity for absolute quantification and detection of rare deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences in clinical samples. Image processing methods, including micro-chamber positioning and fluorescence analysis, determine the reliability of the dPCR results. However, typical methods demand high requirements for the chip structure, chip filling, and light intensity uniformity. This research developed an image-to-answer algorithm with single fluorescence image capture and known image-related error removal. We applied the Hough transform to identify partitions in the images of dPCR chips, the 2D Fourier transform to rotate the image, and the 3D projection transformation to locate and correct the positions of all partitions. We then calculated each partition's average fluorescence amplitudes and generated a 3D fluorescence intensity distribution map of the image. We subsequently corrected the fluorescence non-uniformity between partitions based on the map and achieved statistical results of partition fluorescence intensities. We validated the proposed algorithms using different contents of the target DNA. The proposed algorithm is independent of the dPCR chip structure damage and light intensity non-uniformity. It also provides a reliable alternative to analyze the results of chip-based dPCR systems.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• DNA * genetika   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu * MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA * MeSH

Error detection in motor behavior is a fundamental cognitive function heavily relying on local cortical information processing. Neural activity in the high-gamma frequency band (HGB) closely reflects such local cortical processing, but little is known about its role in error processing, particularly in the healthy human brain. Here we characterize the error-related response of the human brain based on data obtained with noninvasive EEG optimized for HGB mapping in 31 healthy subjects (15 females, 16 males), and additional intracranial EEG data from 9 epilepsy patients (4 females, 5 males). Our findings reveal a multiscale picture of the global and local dynamics of error-related HGB activity in the human brain. On the global level as reflected in the noninvasive EEG, the error-related response started with an early component dominated by anterior brain regions, followed by a shift to parietal regions, and a subsequent phase characterized by sustained parietal HGB activity. This phase lasted for more than 1 s after the error onset. On the local level reflected in the intracranial EEG, a cascade of both transient and sustained error-related responses involved an even more extended network, spanning beyond frontal and parietal regions to the insula and the hippocampus. HGB mapping appeared especially well suited to investigate late, sustained components of the error response, possibly linked to downstream functional stages such as error-related learning and behavioral adaptation. Our findings establish the basic spatio-temporal properties of HGB activity as a neural correlate of error processing, complementing traditional error-related potential studies.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive control, Error processing, Error-related brain activity, High-gamma, Intracranial EEG, Noninvasive EEG,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• gama rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with bidirectional changes in resting-state centrality measures. However, practicable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biomarkers of CI are still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the graph-theory-based degree rank order disruption index (kD) and its association with cognitive processing speed as a marker of CI in patients with MS (PwMS) in a secondary cross-sectional fMRI analysis. METHODS: Differentiation between PwMS and healthy controls (HCs) using kD and its correlation with CI (Symbol Digit Modalities Test) was compared to established imaging biomarkers (regional degree, volumetry, diffusion-weighted imaging, lesion mapping). Additional associations were assessed for fatigue (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions), gait and global disability. RESULTS: Analysis in 56 PwMS and 58 HCs (35/27 women, median age 45.1/40.5 years) showed lower kD in PwMS than in HCs (median -0.30/-0.06, interquartile range 0.55/0.54; p = 0.009, Mann-Whitney U test), yielding acceptable yet non-superior differentiation (area under curve 0.64). kD and degree in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) correlated with CI (kD/MPFC Spearman's ρ = 0.32/-0.45, p = 0.019/0.001, n = 55). kD also explained fatigue (ρ = -0.34, p = 0.010, n = 56) but neither gait nor disability. CONCLUSIONS: kD is a potential biomarker of CI and fatigue warranting further validation.

• Klíčová slova
• biomarkers, cognitive processing speed, fMRI, fatigue, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie   patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• rychlost zpracování MeSH
• únava * patofyziologie   etiologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH