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Males of the closely related species Bombus terrestris and Bombus lucorum attract conspecific females by completely different marking pheromones. MP of B. terrestris and B. lucorum pheromones contain mainly isoprenoid (ISP) compounds and fatty acid derivatives, respectively. Here, we studied the regulation of ISP biosynthesis in both bumblebees. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) transcripts are abundant in the B. terrestris labial gland. Maximal abundance of these transcripts correlated well with AACT enzymatic activity detected in the LG extracts. In contrast, transcript abundances of AACT, HMGR, and FPPS in B. lucorum were low, and AACT activity was not detected in LGs. These results suggest that transcriptional regulation plays a key role in the control of ISP biosynthetic gene expression and ISP pheromone biosynthesis in bumblebee males.
- Klíčová slova
- Bombus spp., biosynthesis, gene expression, isoprenoids, pheromones, transcriptional regulation,
- MeSH
- feromony biosyntéza chemie MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kontigové mapování MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- RNA chemie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
- terpeny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- včely chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- feromony MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny MeSH
- RNA MeSH
- terpeny MeSH
It has been realized recently that the enhanced or lowered activation of a certain receptor type brings about changes not only in the sensitivity (or density) of this particular receptor type in cell membranes by producing its desensitization or sensitization, down- or up-regulation (i.e. homologous regulation), but also it could change the function (or density) of other receptors (cross-regulation). This review is focused on mechanisms of the homologous regulation (changes in the pathway activated by the appropriate type of receptor) and possible mechanisms of cross-regulation (changes in pathway activated by other type of receptor).
OBJECTIVE: Insomnia and affective disorders are among the most common and disabling health problems of our society. Although there seems to be a clear link between poor sleep and problems in emotional regulation, it is still an area with many remaining questions. While the cognitive and behavioural consequences of poor sleep and insomnia have been studied in depth in recent decades, emotional experience empirical findings in this area still need to be replicated and confirmed. METHOD: Review article included studies published from January 1990 to March 2020 accessed via PubMed database. The keywords "Insomnia, Emotional regulation, Nightmares, Mental disorders, Sleep quality, Nightmares treatment" were used in various combinations. The total of 145 articles was found, and after their complete review, 42 papers were selected. Secondary texts from reference lists of primarily selected articles were examined and added to the primary document list. Finally, a total of 159 articles were included in the review. RESULTS: Sleep is involved in emotion regulation both in the general population and individuals with various mental disorders. Several studies found that pre-sleep emotional activation of negative and positive emotions disturbs sleep by enhancing emotional excitement. On the other hand, many studies showed that poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation adversely affects the emotional functioning in adults. The results of the studies summarized in this review show that emotional regulation can mediate the effect of insomnia on various psychiatric disorders. Insomnia can be a significant risk factor that should be targeted in various psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION: Targeted prevention of affective disorders in patients who have insomnia, as well as identification of transformation mechanisms, could be an advantageous approach to alleviating their burden. Complex treatment, including cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia, added to the primary treatment of these disorders, is recommended.
Fully grown oocytes arrest meiosis at prophase I and deposit maternal RNAs. A subset of maternal transcripts is stored in a dormant state in the oocyte, and the timely driven translation of specific mRNAs guides meiotic progression, the oocyte-embryo transition, and early embryo development. In the absence of transcription, the regulation of gene expression in oocytes is controlled almost exclusively at the level of transcriptome and proteome stabilization and at the level of protein synthesis.This chapter focuses on the recent findings on RNA distribution related to the temporal and spatial translational control of the meiotic cycle progression in mammalian oocytes. We discuss the most relevant mechanisms involved in the organization of the oocyte's maternal transcriptome storage and localization, and the regulation of translation, in correlation with the regulation of oocyte meiotic progression.
- MeSH
- maternální dědičnost genetika MeSH
- meióza genetika MeSH
- oocyty cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- proteosyntéza * MeSH
- regulace genové exprese * MeSH
- RNA messenger skladovaná analýza genetika MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- RNA messenger skladovaná MeSH
There have been few examples of the application of our growing knowledge of hormone action to crop improvement. In this review we discuss what is known about the critical points regulating auxin action. We examine auxin metabolism, transport, perception and signalling and identify genes and proteins that might be keys to regulation, particularly the rate-limiting steps in various pathways. Certain mutants show that substrate flow in biosynthesis can be limiting. To date there is little information available on the genes and proteins of catabolism. There have been several auxin transport proteins and some elegant transport physiology described recently, and the potential for using transport proteins to manage free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations is discussed. Free IAA is very mobile, and so while it may be more practical to control auxin action through managing the receptor and signalling pathways, the candidate genes and proteins through which this can be done remain largely unknown. From the available evidence, it is clear that the reason for so few commercial applications arising from the control of auxin action is that knowledge is still limited.
- MeSH
- biologický transport MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
Cephalochordates, commonly known as amphioxus or lancelets, are the most basal subphylum of chordates. Cephalochordates are thus key to understanding the origin of vertebrates and molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate evolution. The evolution of developmental control mechanisms during invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition involved not only gene duplication events, but also specific changes in spatial and temporal expression of many genes. To get insight into the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, functional studies of amphioxus gene regulatory elements are highly warranted. Here, we review transgenic studies performed in amphioxus and vertebrates using promoters and enhancers derived from the genome of Branchiostoma floridae. We describe the current methods of transgenesis in amphioxus, provide evidence of Tol2 transposon-generated transgenic embryos of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and discuss possible future directions. We envision that comparative transgenic analysis of gene regulatory sequences in the context of amphioxus and vertebrate embryos will likely provide an important mechanistic insight into the evolution of vertebrate body plan.
- Klíčová slova
- Chordates, Evolution, Gene regulation, Transgenic animal, Vertebrates,
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- kopinatci genetika fyziologie MeSH
- obratlovci genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is the dominant carrier of organic cationic drugs and some positively charged endogenous compounds into hepatocytes. OCT1 has unique expression pattern. It has the highest expression among drug transporters in normal human hepatocytes with large interindividual variability, but it has negligible expression in other tissues or their tumors. Nowadays, it is clear that the regulation of SLC22A1 gene encoding OCT1 transporter is rather complex and that transactivation with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPs) transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulation contribute to its unique hepatocyte-specific expression pattern. Unfortunately, species- and tissue-specific regulation of OCT1 and its orthologs as well as significant down-regulation in most immortalized cell lines hamper the study of SLC22A1 gene regulation. In the current review, we summarize our current understanding of human OCT1 transporter hepatic gene regulation and we propose potential post-transcriptional regulation by predicted miRNAs. We also discuss in detail recent findings on indirect regulation of the transporter via farnesoid X receptor (FXR), glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X (PXR) receptor, which point out to potential novel mechanisms of xenobiotic-transporting and drug-metabolizing proteins regulation in the human liver as well as to potentially novel drug-drug interaction mechanisms. We also propose that comprehensive understanding of mechanisms of SLC22A1 gene regulation could direct research for other drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes highly expressed in hepatocytes and controlled by HNF4α or other liver-enriched transcription factors.
- Klíčová slova
- Gene regulation, hepatic uptake, liver, nuclear receptors, organic cation transporter 1, transporter,
- MeSH
- epigeneze genetická MeSH
- hepatocytární jaderný faktor 4 metabolismus MeSH
- hepatocyty metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA metabolismus MeSH
- pregnanový X receptor MeSH
- přenašeč organických kationtů 1 metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny vázající zesilovač transkripce CCAAT metabolismus MeSH
- receptory cytoplazmatické a nukleární metabolismus MeSH
- receptory glukokortikoidů metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese * MeSH
- steroidní receptory metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- farnesoid X-activated receptor MeSH Prohlížeč
- hepatocytární jaderný faktor 4 MeSH
- mikro RNA MeSH
- pregnanový X receptor MeSH
- přenašeč organických kationtů 1 MeSH
- proteiny vázající zesilovač transkripce CCAAT MeSH
- receptory cytoplazmatické a nukleární MeSH
- receptory glukokortikoidů MeSH
- steroidní receptory MeSH
Melanogenesis is a multistep biochemical process resulting in the formation of melanin in pigment cells in the skin and the eye. Three melanogenic factors, tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2 participate in the pathway. Here, the regulation of gene expression of these melanocyte-specific markers is shortly reviewed.
- MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- intramolekulární oxidoreduktasy * MeSH
- isomerasy genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melaniny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- membránové glykoproteiny * MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy * MeSH
- proteiny genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese * MeSH
- tyrosinasa genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dopachrome isomerase MeSH Prohlížeč
- intramolekulární oxidoreduktasy * MeSH
- isomerasy MeSH
- melaniny MeSH
- membránové glykoproteiny * MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy * MeSH
- proteiny MeSH
- tyrosinasa MeSH
- tyrosinase-related protein-1 MeSH Prohlížeč
- TYRP1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- MeSH
- hormony MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- regulace chuti k jídlu fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hormony MeSH
Regulation of translation represents a critical step in the regulation of gene expression. In plants, the translation regulation plays an important role at all stages of development and, during stress responses, functions as a fast and flexible tool which not only modulates the global translation rate but also controls the production of specific proteins. Regulation of translation is mostly focused on the initiation phase. There, one of essential initiation factors is the large multisubunit protein complex of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). In all eukaryotes, the general eIF3 function is to scaffold the formation of the translation initiation complex and to enhance the accuracy of scanning mechanism for start codon selection. Over the past decades, additional eIF3 functions were described as necessary for development in various eukaryotic organisms, including plants. The importance of the eIF3 complex lies not only at the global level of initiation event, but also in the precise translation regulation of specific transcripts. This review gathers the available information on functions of the plant eIF3 complex.
- Klíčová slova
- Plant development, Translation, Translation regulation, Upstream open reading frame (uORF),
- MeSH
- eukaryotický iniciační faktor 3 * metabolismus MeSH
- kodon iniciační MeSH
- proteosyntéza genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * genetika MeSH
- rostliny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- eukaryotický iniciační faktor 3 * MeSH
- kodon iniciační MeSH
