Protists of the order Trypanosomatida possess a single multifunctional flagellum, which powers cellular displacement and mediates attachment to tissues of the arthropod vector. The kinetoplastid flagellar cytoskeleton consists of a nine-microtubule doublet axoneme; further structural elaborations, which can vary between species and life cycle stages, include the assembly of axonemal dynein complexes, a pair of singlet microtubules and the extra-axonemal paraflagellar rod. The intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. build a short, non-motile cilium whose function has remained enigmatic. Here, we used a panel of 25 barcoded promastigote cell lines, including mutants lacking genes encoding flagellar assembly proteins, axonemal proteins required for normal motility, or flagellar membrane proteins to examine how these defects impact on their virulence in macrophages and mice. Mutants lacking the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein 88 were avirulent indicating that assembly of a flagellum is necessary to allow for Leishmania survival in a mammalian host. A similarly severe loss of virulence was observed upon deletion of BBS2, a core component of the BBSome complex, which may act as a cargo adapter for IFT. By contrast, promastigotes that were unable to beat their flagella due to loss of core axonemal proteins could establish and sustain an infection and only showed a small reduction of parasite burden in vivo compared to the parental cell lines. These results confirm that flagellar motility is not necessary for mammalian infection, but flagellum assembly and the integrity of the BBSome are essential for pathogenicity.

Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium

Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Biocentre University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Parasitology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Edinburgh Super Resolution Imaging Consortium Institute of Biological Chemistry Biophysics and Bioengineering School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot Watt University Edinburgh UK

Global Health and Tropical Medicine Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal

Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research Perth Australia

Institute of Cell Biology University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA

Parasite Chemotherapy Unit Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Allschwil Switzerland

School of Infection and Immunity University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford Oxford UK

York Biomedical Research Institute Department of Biology University of York York UK

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