BACKGROUND: The article is concerned with an evaluation of the current state of emergency readiness of industrial companies in the event of dangerous substance leakage and with a presentation of textile sorbents used for the purposes of capturing an escaped substance. METHODS: A part of the article is concerned with the experimental designation of sorption capacity of hydrophobic, chemical, and universal sorption mats for chosen polar (water and alcohol) and non-polar (oil and gasoline) liquids. Experiments were realized according to Standard Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents for use on Crude Oil and Related Spills, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F726-17), type I. and Test methods for non-woven fabrics, European Union International Organization for Standardization (EN ISO 9073-6:2004). The aim of the article is an experimental designation of sorption capacity of textile sorption mats using two different methods, a comparison of the acquired results and a comparison of the acquired data with the data given by the manufacturer. RESULTS: Textile sorbents, which can, owing to their sorption ability, allow the elimination or mitigation of a negative impact of a possible accident in the company connected with an escape of a liquid dangerous substance were tested and compared with the established values. Based on the obtained results it is possible to state that sorption capacities of the chemical and universal mat for the substrate water are equal and consistent with the data given by the manufacturer. Textile sorption mats also have a comparable sorption capacity. The sorption capacity on the substrate gasoline is the same in all textile sorbents. The adsorption capacity per unit mass all type's sorbents was similar for non-polar liquids (gasoline was values from 6.41 to 6.57 and oil was values from 9.54 to 10.24). CONCLUSION: The acquired results confirmed the universality of textile sorption mats for gasoline. Sorption capacities of the chemical and universal mat for the substrate water are equal and match the data given by the manufacturer. Textile sorption mats have a maximum sorption output up to 60 s, afterwards the sorption capacity values remain unchanged.
Air pollution caused by road traffic has an unfavorable impact on the environment and also on human health. It has previously been shown, that complete gasoline emissions lead to toxic effects in cell models originating from human airways. Here we focused on extractable organic matter (EOM) from particulate matter, collected from gasoline emissions from fuels with different ethanol content. We performed cytotoxicity evaluation, quantification of mucin and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA breaks detection, and selected gene deregulation analysis, after one and five days of exposure of human bronchial epithelial model (BEAS-2B) and a 3D model of the human airway (MucilAirTM). Our data suggest that the longer exposure had more pronounced effects on the parameters of cytotoxicity and mucin production, while the impacts on ROS generation and DNA integrity were limited. In both cell models the expression of CYP1A1 was induced, regardless of the exposure period or EOM tested. Several other genes, including FMO2, IL1A, or TNF, were deregulated depending on the exposure time. In conclusion, ethanol content in the fuels did not significantly impact the toxicity of EOM. Biological effects were mostly linked to xenobiotics metabolism and inflammatory response. BEAS-2B cells were more sensitive to the treatment.
- MeSH
- benzin * MeSH
- bronchy cytologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 genetika MeSH
- epitelové buňky účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- histony metabolismus MeSH
- interleukin-1alfa genetika MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxygenasy genetika MeSH
- pevné částice toxicita MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- TNF-alfa genetika MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Outdoor air pollution is classified as carcinogenic to humans and exposure to it contributes to increased incidence of various diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological or pulmonary disorders. Vehicle engine emissions represent a significant part of outdoor air pollutants, particularly in large cities with high population density. Considering the potentially negative health impacts of engine emissions exposure, the application of reliable test systems allowing assessment of the biological effects of these pollutants is crucial. The exposure systems should use relevant, preferably multicellular, cell models that are treated with the complete engine exhaust (i.e. a realistic mixture of particles, chemical compounds bound to them and gaseous phase) at the air-liquid interface. The controlled delivery and characterization of chemical and/or particle composition of the exhaust should be possible. In this mini-review we report on such exposure systems that have been developed to date. We focus on a brief description and technical characterization of the systems, and discuss the biological parameters detected following exposure to a gasoline/diesel exhaust. Finally, we summarize and compare findings from the individual systems, including their advantages/limitations.
- MeSH
- benzin analýza toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza toxicita MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Reducing fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions is one of the most urgent tasks of current research in the field of internal combustion engines. Water Injection has proven its benefits to increase power or optimize fuel consumption of passenger cars. This technology enables knock mitigation to either increase the engine power output or raise the compression ratio and efficiency while enabling λ = 1 operation in the complete engine map to meet future emission targets. Current systems have limited container capacity. It is necessary to refill the water tank regularly. This also means that we cannot get the benefits of an engine with a higher compression ratio. For this reason, the self-contained system was investigated. This article is a methodology for finding the right design of a self-contained water injection system, but also a vehicle test that proves the function.
- MeSH
- automobily MeSH
- benzin * analýza MeSH
- voda MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel * analýza MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We describe the case of a 36-year-old male who presented to hospital with acute respiratory distress, and hemoptysis after intravenously injecting 20 milliliters of pure gasoline. Despite maximum supportive care he died without a definitive diagnosis 4 hours after presentation to the hospital. Postmortem examination confirmed diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage as a cause of death. Our case highlights the key clinical, and pathological features of this very rare poisoning with a volatile substance and reminds clinicians to consider it as a potential cause of hemoptysis and pulmonary hemorrhage.
- MeSH
- benzin otrava MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- injekce intravenózní MeSH
- krvácení chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multiorgánové selhání chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- plicní alveoly účinky léků MeSH
- poškození plic chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Microbial contamination poses a great threat to aviation system security through mechanisms such as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), fuel filter clogging, and fuel deterioration. In this study, a survey of microbial contamination in aviation fuel obtained from aircraft fuel tanks was performed to test the relationship between microbial contamination and aircraft service life. The contaminating microorganisms were counted, isolated, identified, and subjected to preliminary characterization. A low risk of microbial contamination in the selected samples was confirmed, and there was no significant difference in the counts between culturable bacteria and fungi (p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis tree indicated that the diversity of culturable microorganisms was rather low, with 17 bacterial isolates belonging to 13 genera and 12 fungal isolates belonging to 5 genera. No yeast was isolated. The growth characteristics of these isolates indicated that the aircraft fuel tanks harbored various microorganisms that were able to utilize the aviation fuel as a source of carbon and energy. Meanwhile, some isolates caused emulsification and produced acid. The conclusions of this study were that various hazardous microorganisms can root in aircraft aviation fuel tanks. There was no relationship between microbial contamination and aircraft service life (p > 0.05), and continuous good maintenance suppressed microbial proliferation.
Autoři provedli rešerši literatury zabývající se případy akutní otravy ropnými produkty a zároveň popsali nový smrtelný případ sebevraždy požitím benzínu. Konkrétně byla přezkoumána řada studií s cílem aktualizovat a shrnout příslušnou literaturu týkající se výskytu, sociodemografických ukazatelů, způsobů otrav, diagnosticko-toxikologických postupů, faktorů souvisejících s přežitím a úmrtností při akutní intoxikaci ropou/benzínem. Výsledky ukazují, že akutní otrava ropou a jejími produkty je relativně vzácná. Mezi pacienty byla pozorována prevalence mužů a většina případů byla klasifikována jako pokusy o sebevraždu. Nejčastějším způsobem otravy bylo orální požití, avšak byl zaznamenán i případ intravenózní injekce. Míra přežití byla nízká, ze všech literárně uváděných případů se dvě třetiny intoxikovaných podařilo transportovat do nemocnice, ale pouze čtvrtinu z nich se podařilo zachránit.
A literature review of cases of acute poisoning by petroleum and its distillates was conducted, while a new fatal case of suicide by gasoline intake is reported. Specifically, a number of studies were reviewed in order to update and summarize the relevant literature on the incidence, sociodemographic variables, method of poisoning, diagnostic - toxicological procedures, variables associated with survival and fatality on acute petroleum/gasoline intoxication. Results show that acute poisoning by petroleum and its distillates is relatively rare. Male prevalence was observed among patients, while most incidents were classified as suicide attempts. Oral ingestion was the most frequent method of intake, while a case of intravenous injection was also reported. The survival rates were low, as among all literature cases, two thirds of them managed to reach the hospital alive, and only the one fourth of them had a medically successful outcome.
- MeSH
- benzin * analýza toxicita MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otrava * diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- pitva MeSH
- sebevražda MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
The use of alternative fuels or biofuel blends could be a way to reduce the environmental burden of increasing traffic. The aim of this study was to compare emissions from conventional fuels and alternative biofuels for diesel and spark-ignition engines under comparable conditions, i.e., using the World Harmonized Transient Cycle for a heavy-duty diesel engine and the Artemis CADC driving cycle for automobiles powered by gasoline and alternative fuels. Total contents of Ba, Ce, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined in emissions, fuels, and lubricating oils. In addition, the bioaccessibility of metals in emissions was also assessed by extraction in water and in simulated lung fluid (Gamble's solution). Total particulate mass emissions, expressed per kilogram of fuel, and total contents of metals were higher for the diesel engine than for spark-ignition engines. The highest metal contents in emissions from diesel and gasoline fuels were found for Fe, Zn, and Cu. Fe and Cu in emissions from diesel and spark-ignition engines declined with the addition of bio-components in fuels. However, there was no significant decrease in the contents of other metals in emissions from biofuels. The highest degrees of bioaccessibility were observed for Ba, Zn, Cd, and V in emissions from diesel and biodiesel (according to their solubility in water). On the basis of this study, the use of biodiesel (especially methylesters of rapeseed oil) can be recommended to reduce the total mass of particulate and metal emissions from diesel engines.
- MeSH
- benzin * MeSH
- biopaliva * MeSH
- kovy analýza MeSH
- olej z řepky MeSH
- oleje MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
An analysis of the toxic effects of emissions should reflect real traffic conditions. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines strongly depend on their operating conditions, with low-speed, low-load "urban creep" conditions, common for truck traffic in heavily congested urban areas, being one of the worst. We aimed to detect the genotoxicity of organic extracts from particulate matter in the exhaust of the diesel engine Zetor 1505 running on diesel and biodiesel (B100) fuels at characteristic modes of extended "urban creep", typical for transit truck traffic in Prague, comparing the first 5 min of idling with extended (20-80 min) idling, full load after idle, "stabilized" full load, and 30% load. The diluted exhaust was sampled with high volume samplers on glass fiber fluorocarbon coated filters. The filters were extracted with dichloromethane and DNA damage was analyzed in A549 cells using comet assay, with the inclusion of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (ENDOIII) to recognize oxidized DNA bases. The cells were exposed to extractable organic matter (EOM) for 4 and 24 h at non-cytotoxic dose corresponding to 0.001 m3 of undiluted exhaust gas per ml cell media. At the 4 h exposure interval, all samples from B100 and diesel emissions induced DNA damage. EOM from the extended idle engine mode exerted the strongest genotoxic effect for both fuels. Twenty hours later, the cells exposed to diesel EOM exhibited a further increase of DNA strand breaks compared to the preceding interval. In contrast, DNA damage seemed to be fully repaired in cells treated with EOM derived from biodiesel B100. The preliminary results suggest that (i) diesel emissions are more genotoxic than the emissions from B100, (ii) biodiesel induced DNA lesions are repaired within 24 h.
- MeSH
- benzin analýza toxicita MeSH
- biopaliva analýza toxicita MeSH
- buňky A549 MeSH
- chemická frakcionace metody MeSH
- karcinogeny životního prostředí analýza toxicita MeSH
- kometový test MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- pevné částice toxicita MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- těkavé organické sloučeniny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
After the phasing out of leaded gasoline, Pb emissions to the atmosphere dramatically decreased, and other sources became more significant. The contribution of unleaded gasoline has not been sufficiently recognized; therefore, we evaluated the impact of Pb from unleaded gasoline in a relatively pristine area in Subarctic NE Norway. The influence of different endmembers (Ni slag and concentrate from the Nikel smelter in Russia, PM10filters, and traffic) on the overall Pb emissions was determined using various environmental samples (snow, lichens, and topsoils) and Pb isotope tracing. We found a strong relationship between Pb in snow and the Ni smelter. However, lichen samples and most of the topsoils were contaminated by Pb originating from the current use of unleaded gasoline originating from Russia. Historical leaded and recent unleaded gasoline are fully distinguishable using Pb isotopes, as unleaded gasoline is characterized by a low radiogenic composition (206Pb/207Pb = 1.098 and208Pb/206Pb = 2.060) and remains an unneglectable source of Pb in the region.
- MeSH
- atmosféra chemie MeSH
- benzin analýza MeSH
- izotopy analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza MeSH
- lišejníky chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- olovo analýza MeSH
- sníh chemie MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Norsko MeSH
- Rusko MeSH
