BACKGROUND: Hormonal homeostasis plays a critical role in the regulation of microspore embryogenesis (ME). The balance between endogenous phytohormones must be altered to induce microspore reprogramming from the classical pollen-formation pathway to embryogenic development, but too extensive changes may be detrimental. In the present study, the levels of auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid were monitored in the anthers of two Polish winter wheat F1 lines and the spring cultivar Pavon highly differentiated in terms of ME effectiveness. Analyses were carried out at subsequent steps of the ME induction procedure that combined low temperature, sodium selenate and mannitol tiller pre-treatment. RESULTS: Of all the factors tested, mannitol induced the most profound effect on phytohormones and their homeostasis in wheat anthers. It significantly increased the accumulation of all auxins and decreased the levels of most cytokinins, while the change in ABA content was limited to cv. Pavon. In an attempt to alleviate this hormonal shock, we tested several modifications of the induction medium hormonal composition and found thidiazuron to be the most promising in stimulating the embryogenic development of wheat microspores. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of ABA-driven stress defence responses may be one of the reasons for the low effectiveness of ME induction in winter wheat microspore cultures. Low cytokinin level and a disturbed auxin/cytokinin balance may then be responsible for the morphological abnormalities observed during the next phases of embryogenic microspore development. One possible solution is to modify the hormonal composition of the induction medium with thidiazuron identified as the most promising component.
- Klíčová slova
- Triticum aestivum, Abscisic acid, Auxins, Cytokinins, Hormonal homeostasis, Microspore embryogenesis,
- MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové * metabolismus MeSH
- mannitol * farmakologie MeSH
- pšenice * metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- pyl MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytokininy MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové * MeSH
- mannitol * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
The widespread use of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) as pesticides has raised environmental concerns due to their persistence and toxicity. Addressing the pressing need for effective bioremediation strategies, this study explores the effects of α-, β-, δ-, and ε-HCH isomers on the growth, hormonal changes, physiological parameters and bioaccumulation in Alnus glutinosa saplings (1-year-old and 2-year-old) and bacterial communities in polluted soil. A. glutinosa saplings not only withstanded HCH exposure but also enhanced the remediation efficiency by 6.8-24.4%, suggesting an acceleration of pollutant breakdown likely mediated by root exudates positively affecting the soil microbiome. Interestingly, 1-year-old saplings demonstrated greater remediation efficiency post-pruning than unpruned 2-year-old saplings, despite the latter having a larger root biomass. The hormonal analysis indicated that HCH presence led to a reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) and an increase in jasmonic acid (JA), with the magnitude of changes being age-dependent. Salicylic acid (SA) levels increased 1-year-old and decreased in 2-year-old saplings under HCH stress. Moreover, a higher presence of lin-degrading genes in the rhizosphere of treated saplings compared to controls confirmed ongoing biodegradation processes. The outcomes help to better understand the processes involved in degradation of persistent pesticides in soil. The mechanism of in-plant isomerization and the identification of metabolites should be the focus of future research.
- Klíčová slova
- Alder tree, HCH, Pesticide, Phytoremediation, Rhizobiome,
- MeSH
- biodegradace * MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky metabolismus MeSH
- cyklopentany metabolismus MeSH
- hexachlorcyklohexan metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * metabolismus MeSH
- olše * mikrobiologie MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- pesticidy * metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- rhizosféra * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorované uhlovodíky MeSH
- cyklopentany MeSH
- hexachlorcyklohexan MeSH
- jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- kyselina abscisová MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- oxylipiny MeSH
- pesticidy * MeSH
- půda MeSH
Nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the critical factors that induce leaf senescence by integrating with abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism, which results in a shortened leaf photosynthetic period and markedly lowered grain yield. However, the metabolic pathway by which ABA signaling participates in the regulation of senescence-associated change in sugar metabolism and its relationship with N allocation in plant tissues are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of supply level on leaf C/N allocation and its relation to ABA signalling, sugar metabolism, and N assimilation were investigated by using two rice genotypes subjected to four N treatments. Results indicated that N-deficiency markedly induced PYR1-like (PYL) expression and ABA biosynthesis, consequently leading to the activation of ABA signaling. The increased ABA concentration in leaf tissues triggered the catabolic pathways of sugar and N metabolisms, resulting in the reduced photosynthetic pigments and intensified oxidative damage in N-deficient leaves. ABA signaling induced by N-deficiency upregulates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and C/N allocation by mediating several senescence-promoting factors, such as NAC, bZIP, and WRKY TFs, along with the suppression of PP2Cs. Therefore, N-deficiency impairs chlorophyll biosynthesis and triggers chlorophyll degradation to accelerate the timing and rate of leaf senescence. This metabolic network could provide helpful information for understanding the regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence in relation to sugar signaling, N-assimilation and N-use efficiency.
- MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- cukry metabolismus MeSH
- dusík * metabolismus nedostatek MeSH
- fotosyntéza MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin * metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- rýže (rod) * metabolismus genetika fyziologie MeSH
- senescence rostlin MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl MeSH
- cukry MeSH
- dusík * MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
The antioxidant activity of Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. roots were assessed by measuring their ability to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals. Bioactivity-guided fractionation was utilized to identify the compound(s) responsible for this activity. The most active phase, ethyl acetate, was isolated using column chromatography. The resulting fractions were then purified using preparative TLC on reverse phase and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the pure compounds were elucidated by spectral analysis (MS and 1H, 13C, 2D-NMR). Three undescribed phenolic acid derivatives, namely parvifloric acid A (1), B (2), and C (3), and one new sesquiterpene lactone, parviflorin (4) together with seven known compounds were isolated and identified as scopolin (5), scopoletin (6), caffeic acid (7), protocatechuic acid (8), 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (9) 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (10), and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (11). Finally, the pure compounds obtained were tested to evaluate their antioxidant capacities, using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging potencies. The highest activity was observed with 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (10), followed by its methyl ester.
- Klíčová slova
- Antioxidant activity, Asteraceae, Phenolic acids, Scorzonera parviflora, Sesquiterpene lactone,
- MeSH
- antioxidancia * farmakologie izolace a purifikace chemie MeSH
- fytonutrienty farmakologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- hydroxybenzoáty * izolace a purifikace farmakologie chemie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin * chemie MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- Scorzonera * chemie MeSH
- seskviterpeny farmakologie izolace a purifikace chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia * MeSH
- fytonutrienty MeSH
- hydroxybenzoáty * MeSH
- phenolic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- seskviterpeny MeSH
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops globally and is especially vulnerable to heat stress. However, substantial knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the developmental mechanisms associated with tuber responses to heat stress. This study used whole-plant physiology, transcriptomics, and phytohormone profiling to elucidate how heat stress affects potato tuber development. When plants were grown in projected future elevated temperature conditions, abscisic acid (ABA) levels decreased in leaf and tuber tissues, whereas rates of leaf carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significantly affected compared to those plants grown in historical temperature conditions. While plants grown in projected future elevated temperature conditions initiated more tubers per plant on average, there was a 66% decrease in mature tubers at the final harvest compared to those plants grown in historical temperature conditions. We hypothesize that reduced tuber yields at elevated temperatures are not due to reduced tuber initiation, but due to impaired tuber filling. Transcriptomic analysis detected significant changes in the expression of genes related to ABA response, heat stress, and starch biosynthesis. The tuberization repressor genes SELF-PRUNING 5G (StSP5G) and CONSTANS-LIKE1 (StCOL1) were differentially expressed in tubers grown in elevated temperatures. Two additional known tuberization genes, IDENTITY OF TUBER 1 (StIT1) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (StTOC1), displayed distinct expression patterns under elevated temperatures compared to historical temperature conditions but were not differentially expressed. This work highlights potential gene targets and key developmental stages associated with tuberization to develop potatoes with greater heat tolerance.
- MeSH
- hlízy rostlin * genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- reakce na tepelný šok genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- škrob metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum * genetika fyziologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kyselina abscisová * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
- škrob MeSH
Among the three active aldehyde oxidases in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (AAO1-3), AAO3, which catalyzes the oxidation of abscisic-aldehyde to abscisic-acid, was shown recently to function as a reactive aldehyde detoxifier. Notably, aao2KO mutants exhibited less senescence symptoms and lower aldehyde accumulation, such as acrolein, benzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal (HNE) than in wild-type leaves exposed to UV-C or Rose-Bengal. The effect of AAO2 expression absence on aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 and/or AAO1 was studied by comparing the response of wild-type plants to the response of single-functioning aao1 mutant (aao1S), aao2KO mutants, and single-functioning aao3 mutants (aao3Ss). Notably, aao3Ss exhibited similar aldehyde accumulation and chlorophyll content to aao2KO treated with UV-C or Rose-Bengal. In contrast, wild-type and aao1S exhibited higher aldehyde accumulation that resulted in lower remaining chlorophyll than in aao2KO leaves, indicating that the absence of active AAO2 enhanced AAO3 detoxification activity in aao2KO mutants. In support of this notion, employing abscisic-aldehyde as a specific substrate marker for AAO3 activity revealed enhanced AAO3 activity in aao2KO and aao3Ss leaves compared to wild-type treated with UV-C or Rose-Bengal. The similar abscisic-acid level accumulated in leaves of unstressed or stressed genotypes indicates that aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 is the cause for better stress resistance in aao2KO mutants. Employing the sulfuration process (known to activate aldehyde oxidases) in wild-type, aao2KO, and molybdenum-cofactor sulfurase (aba3-1) mutant plants revealed that the active AAO2 in WT employs sulfuration processes essential for AAO3 activity level, resulting in the lower AAO3 activity in WT than AAO3 activity in aao2KO.
- Klíčová slova
- Arabidopsis, Rose‐Bengal, UV‐C irradiation, aldehyde oxidase, aldehyde toxicity, reactive aldehydes, senescence, sulfuration,
- MeSH
- aldehydoxidasa metabolismus genetika MeSH
- aldehydy * metabolismus MeSH
- Arabidopsis * metabolismus genetika účinky záření MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin * metabolismus genetika účinky záření MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- ultrafialové záření * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- AAO3 protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
- aldehydoxidasa MeSH
- aldehydy * MeSH
- chlorofyl MeSH
- kyselina abscisová MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku * MeSH
Global agricultural production is significantly hampered by insect pests, and the demand for natural pragmatic pesticides with environmental concern remains unfulfilled. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) also known as Crofton weed, is an invasive perennial herbaceous plant that is known to possess multiple bioactive compounds. In our study, two isomers of ageraphorone metabolites i.e, 10 Hα-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HA) and 10 Hβ-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HB), were identified from Crofton weed, exhibiting potent antifeedant and larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella. For antifeedant activity, the median effective concentration (EC50) values for 10HA and 10HB in the choice method were 2279 mg/L and 3233 mg/L, respectively, and for the no choice method, EC50 values were 1721 mg/L and 2394 mg/L, respectively. For larvicidal activity, lethal concentration (LC50) values for 10HA and 10HB were 2421 mg/L and 4109 mg/L at 48 h and 2101 mg/L and 3550 mg/L at 72 h. Furthermore, both in- vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that the isomers 10HA and 10HB exhibited potent detoxifying enzymes inhibition activity such as carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferases. Molecular docking and MD simulation analysis provide insight into the possible interaction between isomers of ageraphorone metabolites and Carboxylic Ester Hydrolase protein (Gene: pxCCE016b) of P. xylostella, which led to a finding that CarEH protein plays a significant role in the detoxification of the two compounds in P. xylostella. Finally, our findings show that the primary enzymes undergoing inhibition by isomers of ageraphorone metabolites, causing toxicity in insects, are Carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase.
- Klíčová slova
- Crofton weed, Detoxifying enzymes, Insect pest, Molecular docking,
- MeSH
- Ageratina * chemie MeSH
- esterasy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa chemie metabolismus MeSH
- insekticidy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- molekulární konformace MeSH
- můry * účinky léků MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie farmakologie MeSH
- seskviterpeny * chemie farmakologie MeSH
- simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti účinky léků MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- esterasy MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa MeSH
- insekticidy MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- seskviterpeny * MeSH
Silage has been identified as a source of different microbial toxins, that may impair farm animal health and productivity as human health can also be compromised. In this sense, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of silage additives on the concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) mycotoxins and, eventually, to evaluate the hygienic quality of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) silage based on the concentration of them compared to control silage. This study evaluated the influence of biological and chemical additives used in six different varieties of orchardgrass silage on DON and ZEN mycotoxin contents for the first time. The content of both fusariotoxins (DON and ZEN) in fresh matter and grass silage were below the threshold stipulated by the European Commission. The concentration of DON ranges from ~21.86 to 37.26 ng/kg, ~10.21 to 15 ng/kg, ~20.72 to 29.14 ng/kg; and ZEN range from ~3.42 to 7.87 ng/kg, ~3.85 to 8.62 ng/kg and ~2.15 to 5.08 ng/kg, in control, biological and chemical silages, respectively. In general, the biological additive was more efficient for preventing DON contamination, whereas the chemical additive was more efficient for preventing ZEN contamination in grass silage. In summary, the results obtained in this work demonstrate that biological and chemical additives can inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production on Dactylis glomerata L. silage and whose use could prevent animal and human diseases.
- MeSH
- Dactylis * metabolismus MeSH
- mykotoxiny * biosyntéza analýza MeSH
- siláž * analýza mikrobiologie MeSH
- trichotheceny * metabolismus analýza MeSH
- zearalenon * analýza metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- deoxynivalenol MeSH Prohlížeč
- mykotoxiny * MeSH
- trichotheceny * MeSH
- zearalenon * MeSH
Tetranychus urticae is an important pest that causes severe damage to a wide variety of plants and crops, leading to a substantial productivity loss. Previous research has been focused on plant defence response to T. urticae to improve plant resistance. However, plant growth, development and reproduction throughout the infestation process have not been previously studied. Through physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and hormonomic evaluation, we uncover the molecular mechanisms directing the defence-growth trade-off established in Arabidopsis upon T. urticae infestation. Upon mite attack, plants suffer an adaptation process characterized by a temporal separation between the defence and growth responses. Jasmonic and salicylic acids regulate the main defence responses in combination with auxin and abscisic acid. However, while the reduction of both auxin signalling and gibberellin, cytokinin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis lead to initial growth arrest, increasing levels of growth hormones at later stages enables growth restart. These alterations lead to a plant developmental delay that impacts both seed production and longevity. We demonstrate that coordinated trade-offs determine plant adaptation and survival, revealing mite infestation has a long-lasting effect negatively impacting seed viability. This study provides additional tools to design pest management strategies that improve resistance without penalty in plant fitness.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis * fyziologie parazitologie genetika MeSH
- cyklopentany metabolismus MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina salicylová metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- nemoci rostlin parazitologie MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus MeSH
- Tetranychidae * fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cyklopentany MeSH
- cytokininy MeSH
- jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- kyselina abscisová MeSH
- kyselina salicylová MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
- oxylipiny MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a potent mycotoxin, exhibits strong immunotoxicity and poses a significant threat to human and animal health. Cell senescence has been implicated in the immunomodulatory effects of DON; however, the potential of DON to induce cell senescence remains inadequately explored. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) serves as a crucial target of mycotoxins and is closely involved in cell senescence. To investigate this potential, we employed the RAW264.7 macrophage model and treated the cells with varying concentrations of DON (2-8 μM) for 24 h. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 2365 genes were significantly upregulation while 2405 genes were significantly decreased after exposure to DON. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated substantial enrichment in pathways associated with cellular senescence and hypoxia. Remarkably, we observed a rapid and sustained increase in HIF-1α expression following DON treatment. DON induced cell senescence through the activation of the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) and p16INK4A (p16) pathways, while also upregulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB, leading to the secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, including IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. Crucially, HIF-1α positively regulated the expression of p53, p21, and p16, as well as the secretion of SASP factors. Additionally, DON induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, enhanced the activity of the senescence biomarker senescence-associated β-galactosidase, and disrupted cell morphology, characterized by mitochondrial damage. Our study elucidates that DON induces cell senescence in RAW264.7 macrophages by modulating the HIF-1α/p53/p21 pathway. These findings provide valuable insights for the accurate prevention of DON-induced immunotoxicity and associated diseases.
- Klíčová slova
- Cell senescence, DON, HIF-1α, Hypoxia, Immune toxicity,
- MeSH
- faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií - podjednotka alfa * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- inhibitor p21 cyklin-dependentní kinasy * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- makrofágy * účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 * metabolismus MeSH
- RAW 264.7 buňky MeSH
- signální transdukce * účinky léků MeSH
- stárnutí buněk * účinky léků MeSH
- trichotheceny * toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cdkn1a protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- deoxynivalenol MeSH Prohlížeč
- faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií - podjednotka alfa * MeSH
- Hif1a protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- inhibitor p21 cyklin-dependentní kinasy * MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 * MeSH
- trichotheceny * MeSH
- Trp53 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
