The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and molecular genetic findings in seven individuals from three unrelated families with Blau syndrome. A complex ophthalmic and general health examination including diagnostic imaging was performed. The NOD2 mutational hot spot located in exon 4 was Sanger sequenced in all three probands. Two individuals also underwent autoinflammatory disorder gene panel screening, and in one subject, exome sequencing was performed. Blau syndrome presenting as uveitis, skin rush or arthritis was diagnosed in four cases from three families. In two individuals from one family, only camptodactyly was noted, while another member had camptodactyly in combination with non-active uveitis and angioid streaks. One proband developed two attacks of meningoencephalitis attributed to presumed neurosarcoidosis, which is a rare finding in Blau syndrome. The probands from families 1 and 2 carried pathogenic variants in NOD2 (NM_022162.3): c.1001G>A p.(Arg334Gln) and c.1000C>T p.(Arg334Trp), respectively. In family 3, two variants of unknown significance in a heterozygous state were found: c.1412G>T p.(Arg471Leu) in NOD2 and c.928C>T p.(Arg310*) in NLRC4 (NM_001199139.1). In conclusion, Blau syndrome is a phenotypically highly variable, and there is a need to raise awareness about all clinical manifestations, including neurosarcoidosis. Variants of unknown significance pose a significant challenge regarding their contribution to etiopathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Blau syndrome, NOD2, autoinflammation, early onset sarcoidosis, neurosarcoidosis, uveitis,
• MeSH
• artritida * genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• dědičné zánětlivé autoimunitní nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfedém genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• nemoci centrálního nervového systému MeSH
• neuropatická artropatie genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• rodokmen * MeSH
• sarkoidóza * genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• sekvenování exomu MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 * genetika   MeSH
• synovitida * genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• uveitida * genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 * MeSH

The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.

• MeSH
• acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• buněčná stěna chemie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• Lactobacillaceae * fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• podvýživa * patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• poruchy růstu patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• růst * účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 * metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva * mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamin MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• mifamurtide MeSH Prohlížeč
• Nod2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 * MeSH

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is the most potent human inhibitor of apoptosis, and is also involved in NOD2-dependent NFκB and MAPK signalling cascade activation. The absence or defective function of XIAP leads to the development of a rare and severe primary immunodeficiency known as X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP-2), which is characterized by a triad of clinical manifestations, including a high incidence of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphoproliferation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually with very early onset. Here, we present a novel XIAP mutation identified in a patient with atypical adult-onset IBD complicated by relapsing HLH, splenomegaly and sarcoid-like disease. The c.266delA mutation in the XIAP gene creates a premature stop codon, and causes a severe reduction in XIAP protein expression. The mutation is also associated with impaired spontaneous and staurosporine- and PMA-induced apoptosis accompanied by significantly increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes. We also confirmed the negative impact of this particular XIAP mutation on NOD2-dependent NFκB and MAPK activation, while NOD2-independent activation was found to be unaffected. Moreover, we assume that the mutation has an impact on the overproduction of IL-12 and IFNγ, the shift towards the Th1 immune response and increased numbers of central memory and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. All these changes contribute to immune dysregulation and the clinical manifestation of XLP-2.

• MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH
• X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy MeSH
• XIAP protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Blau syndrome (BS) is an auto-inflammatory granulomatous disease that possibly involves abnormal response to interferon gamma (IFNγ) due to exaggerated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) activity. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) is an infectious granulomatous disease that is caused by impaired production of or response to IFNγ. We report a mother and daughter who are both heterozygous for NOD2c.2264C˃T variant and dominant-negative IFNGR1818del4 mutation. The 17-year-old patient displayed an altered form of BS and milder form of MSMD, whereas the 44-year-old mother was completely asymptomatic. This experiment of nature supports the notion that IFNγ is an important driver of at least some BS manifestations and that elucidation of its involvement in the disease immunopathogenesis may identify novel therapeutic targets.

• Klíčová slova
• Blau syndrome, IFNγ, IFNγR1, MSMD, NOD2, WES, methotrexate,
• MeSH
• artritida genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• receptor interferonu gama MeSH
• receptory interferonů nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• sarkoidóza genetika   MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   MeSH
• synovitida genetika   MeSH
• uveitida genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptory interferonů MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH

PURPOSE: Crohn's disease (CD) belongs to chronic disorders with unpredictable disease course. The aim of this study was to identify how genetic testing (NOD2/CARD15) can be used in patients with CD to predict the need for surgical treatment (to define an aggressive type of disease where the patient can profit from early surgery). METHODS: The patients who were tested genetically had undergone a surgery due to CD at the Department of Surgery University Hospital Brno Bohunice between 2010 and 2016. The control group consisted of patients with CD who had been diagnosed with CD at least 5 years prior to the testing and had not required any surgical intervention. The second control group was healthy subjects. RESULTS: In total, there were 117 operated patients for CD, 77 patients with CD that had not undergone surgery for CD and 30 healthy subjects. For patients with at least one genetic mutation, the risk of the necessity of surgical treatment of CD is 1.96 times higher than for patients with no mutation. Patients with two or more mutations were generally operated on at a younger age, in a shorter time after being diagnosed and each patient had a partial resection of the ileum. CONCLUSION: The group of operated patients with CD had a significantly higher distribution of at least one genetic mutation as opposed to the non-operated group. In patients with two or more mutations, the disease course was more aggressive. This group of patients might profit from the conservative top-down or early surgical therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• Crohn’s disease, Czech cohort, Disease course, Genetics, Inflammatory bowel disease, Intestinal resection, NOD2/CARD15, Surgery,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Crohn's disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease affecting mainly the gastrointestinal tract. The genetic factors that are involved in the disease include mainly three mutations of the gene NOD2/CARD15 (R702W, G908R, 3020insC). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the presence of these variants and disease phenotype. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 70 patients with Crohn's disease were examined for the presence of the above-mentioned mutations. The researchers used the medical records to retrospectively obtain clinical data and together with the information obtained prospectively according to the protocol they analysed the connection between gene mutations and disease phenotype. RESULTS: At least one mutation was found in 22 patients with Crohn's disease (32%), four patients were found to have two different mutations (composed heterozygotes - 6%) and six patients (9%) were homozygotes for the 3020insC gene. No significant differences were found between the groups with wild-type form and the mutated form of the NOD2 / CARD15 gene with respect to age at the time of diagnosis, form of the disease or localization according to the Montreal classification. CONCLUSION: Mutations of the NOD2 / CARD15 gene did not significantly affect the frequency of reoperations, homozygotes with 3020insC gene mutations, however, represented a high risk group. The phenotype was not related significantly to the presence of the examined mutations.

• Klíčová slova
• Crohn's disease, Montreal classification, NOD/CARD15,
• MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• homozygot MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• reoperace MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH

Increasing numbers of clinical trials and animal experiments have shown that probiotic bacteria are promising tools for allergy prevention. Here, we analyzed the immunomodulatory properties of three selected lactobacillus strains and the impact of their mixture on allergic sensitization to Bet v 1 using a gnotobiotic mouse model. We showed that Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus LOCK0900, L. rhamnosus LOCK0908 and L. casei LOCK0919 are recognized via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptors and stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to produce cytokines in species- and strain-dependent manners. Colonization of germ-free (GF) mice with a mixture of all three strains (Lmix) improved the intestinal barrier by strengthening the apical junctional complexes of enterocytes and restoring the structures of microfilaments extending into the terminal web. Mice colonized with Lmix and sensitized to the Bet v 1 allergen showed significantly lower levels of allergen-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a and an elevated total IgA level in the sera and intestinal lavages as well as an increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β level compared with the sensitized GF mice. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells from the Lmix-colonized mice showed the significant upregulation of TGF-β after in vitro stimulation with Bet v 1. Our results show that Lmix colonization improved the gut epithelial barrier and reduced allergic sensitization to Bet v 1. Furthermore, these findings were accompanied by the increased production of circulating and secretory IgA and the regulatory cytokine TGF-β. Thus, this mixture of three lactobacillus strains shows potential for use in the prevention of increased gut permeability and the onset of allergies in humans.

• MeSH
• alergie imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• antigeny rostlinné toxicita   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely imunologie   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• imunoglobulin A imunologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G imunologie   MeSH
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus imunologie   MeSH
• Lactobacillus casei imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 imunologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny rostlinné MeSH
• Bet v 1 allergen, Betula MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunoglobulin A MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Nod2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH
• TLR2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Tlr2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Reduced microbial diversity has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and probiotic bacteria have been proposed for its prevention and/or treatment. Nevertheless, comparative studies of strains of the same subspecies for specific health benefits are scarce. Here we compared two Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum strains for their capacity to prevent experimental colitis. METHODS: Immunomodulatory properties of nine probiotic bifidobacteria were assessed by stimulation of murine splenocytes. The immune responses to B. longum ssp. longum CCM 7952 (Bl 7952) and CCDM 372 (Bl 372) were further characterized by stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell, HEK293/TLR2 or HEK293/NOD2 cells. A mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was used to compare their beneficial effects in vivo. RESULTS: The nine bifidobacteria exhibited strain-specific abilities to induce cytokine production. Bl 372 induced higher levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in spleen and dendritic cell cultures compared to Bl 7952. Both strains engaged TLR2 and contain ligands for NOD2. In a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, Bl 7952, but not Bl 372, reduced clinical symptoms and preserved expression of tight junction proteins. Importantly, Bl 7952 improved intestinal barrier function as demonstrated by reduced FITC-dextran levels in serum. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that Bl 7952, but not Bl 372, protected mice from the development of experimental colitis. Our data suggest that although some immunomodulatory properties might be widespread among the genus Bifidobacterium, others may be rare and characteristic only for a specific strain. Therefore, careful selection might be crucial in providing beneficial outcome in clinical trials with probiotics in IBD.

• MeSH
• Bifidobacterium klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• dendritické buňky mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• imunoenzymatické techniky MeSH
• kolitida chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• probiotika farmakologie   MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• síran dextranu toxicita   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH
• síran dextranu MeSH
• Tlr2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Three NOD2/CARD15 gene variants (3020insC, R702W, G908R) have been identified as genetic risk factors for Crohns disease patients. However the diagnostic and therapeutic relevance for clinical practice remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between these variants, the risk of reoperation and disease phenotype. METHODS: In 76 Crohns disease patients (41 female, 35 male) with a minimum 5 year follow-up, three polymorphisms of the NOD2/CARD15 gene (R702W, G908R, 3020insC) were tested. Detailed clinical and medical history including surgical procedures and reoperations were obtained by reviewing the medical charts and completed prospectively. Association between the need for reoperation, disease phenotypes and gene variants were analyzed. RESULTS: 24 patients (32%) showed at least one NOD2/CARD15 mutation. 25 patients (33%) required reoperation, 51 (67%) represented the control group. The expected trend that patients with NOD2/CARD15 variants have a higher frequency of reoperations was not confirmed to a level of statistical significance (p=0.2688). Two of the four patients (50%) with the 3020insC variant required further surgery. We did not confirm any association between NOD2/CARD15 mutations and age at diagnosis (p=0.4356), behavior (p=0.6610), or localization (p=0.4747) according to the Montreal classification. CONCLUSION: NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms did not significantly affect the reoperation rate. Homozygosity for the 3020insC variant in the NOD2/CARD15 gene is associated with a high risk of reoperation. NOD2/CARD15 gene variants are not significantly associated with specific disease phenotypes.

• MeSH
• chirurgie trávicího traktu MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• reoperace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH

Crohn's disease is often purely inflammatory, but most patients develop complicated disease with strictures or fistulae. Specific etiopathogenesis of this severe disease is not definitely clear despite research efforts and learning of many pathogenetic mechanisms. Many studies have suggested that NOD2 mutations are associated with increased risk of complicated disease. Presence of NOD2 mutation itself is just one of factors contributing to development of this disease. Genetically predisposed individuals in combination with influence of environmental factors result in a disturbed innate (i.e., disturbed intestinal barrier, Paneth cell dysfunction) and adaptive (i.e., imbalance of effector and regulatory T cells and cytokines, migration and retention of leukocytes) immune response towards a diminished diversity of commensal microbiota. Data of meta-analysis made so far provide ambiguous evidence to support top-down therapy based solely on single NOD2 mutations, but suggest that targeted early-intensive therapy for high-risk patients with two NOD2 mutations might be beneficial, but more prospective trials could answer these questions.

• MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH