Anorexigenic neuropeptides have shown a remarkable potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the strong anorexigenic neuropeptides is called cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp), which is the third most abundant transcript in the hypothalamus. Previously, we introduced a novel palmitoylated analog of 2-SS-CART(61-102), a specific analog of natural CART(61-102) with two disulfide bridges, with anorexigenic and neuroprotective properties. This study explores the impact of 2-SS-CART(61-102) and its palmitoylated analog, palm-2-SS-CART(61-102), on the early progression of Tau pathology characteristic of AD, utilizing the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model. Chronic subcutaneous treatment with CARTp analogs improved short-term spatial memory in the Y-maze, reduced the number of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the hippocampal CA1 region, and decreased the level of GFAP + astrocytes in the hippocampus of THY-Tau22 mice. Furthermore, treatment with CARTp analogs showed increased levels of synaptic markers in the hippocampus. A beneficial effect on these attributes makes CARTp analogs promising for AD therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's disease, Anorexigenic neuropeptides, CART peptide, Neuroinflammation, THY-Tau22 mice, Tau pathology,
• MeSH
• astrocyty účinky léků   patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   MeSH
• hipokampus * účinky léků   patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kokainem a amfetaminem regulovaný transkript MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurofibrilární klubka patologie   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• prostorová paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   chemie   MeSH
• proteiny tau * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tauopatie * patologie   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kokainem a amfetaminem regulovaný transkript MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky * MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně * MeSH
• proteiny tau * MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We report the development and validation of a unique, easily administered, but cognitively demanding 3-min test that does not require aids and can detect mild cognitive deficits (MCD). METHODS: The innovative Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment (ALBA) consists of 4 tasks: encoding the 6-word sentence "Indian summer brings first morning frost," sequential demonstration of 6 gestures and their immediate recall, and final recall of the original sentence. The memory ALBA score is the sum of all correctly recalled sentence words and gestures. The ALBA was performed in 590 persons older than 50 years, including 60 individuals who completed a neuropsychological battery, equally divided into patients with MCD (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] score of 21±3 points) and matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals (MoCA of 27±2). RESULTS: Compared to CN individuals, the patients with MCD recalled fewer correct sentence words (median, 5 vs 2) and gestures (4 vs 3), and had lower memory ALBA scores (10 vs 6) (all comparisons, P<.00001). The cut-off point for the memory ALBA score was ≤8, with 90% sensitivity, 77% specificity, and an AUC of 0.90. Memory ALBA score correlated significantly with all neuropsychological tests except the Digit Span forward. The ALBA was minimally associated with education and age in the normative sample. CONCLUSIONS: The novel and efficient ALBA test was confirmed to have high discriminant and convergent validity, even in patients with mild cognitive deficits. The ALBA is an ultra-brief and universal cognitive test suitable for assessing cognitive impairment, dementia, and other conditions. It can easily be adapted to other cultures and administered under various conditions and settings in clinical practice and research.

• Klíčová slova
• ALBA, Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment, Cognitive impairment, Cognitive test, Demencia, Dementia, Deterioro cognitivo, Screening, Test cognitivo,
• MeSH
• amnézie * diagnóza   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Identifying cues to contagious disease is critical for effectively tracking and defending against interpersonal infection threats. People hold lay beliefs about the types of sensory information most relevant for identifying whether others are sick with transmissible illnesses. Are these beliefs universal, or do they vary along cultural and ecological dimensions? Participants in 58 countries (N = 19,217) judged how effective, and how likely they were to use, cues involving each of the five major sensory modalities in an imagined social interaction during a flu outbreak. Belief patterns were strongly consistent across countries (sight > audition > touch > smell > taste), suggesting a largely universal conceptualization of the role of sensory information for interpersonal respiratory disease detection. Results also support a safe senses hypothesis, with perceivers reporting that they would use senses that function at a distance-and thus reduce pathogen transmission risk-more than would be expected given participants' beliefs as to the efficacy of these senses for disease detection. Where societal variation did emerge, it was captured by a cohesive set of socio-ecological factors, including human development, latitude, pathogen prevalence, and population density. Together, these findings reveal a shared lens through which contagious respiratory disease is assessed, one that prioritizes minimizing risk to perceivers, and may offer leverage for designing interventions to improve public health.

• Klíčová slova
• Behavioral immune system, Culture, Iterpersonal perception, Pathogen threat, Sensation, Threat detection,
• MeSH
• čití, cítění * fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekční nemoci * psychologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• kultura * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• podněty MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * etnologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The dorsal and ventral visual streams have been considered to play distinct roles in visual processing for action: the dorsal stream is assumed to support real-time actions, while the ventral stream facilitates memory-guided actions. However, recent evidence suggests a more integrated function of these streams. We investigated the neural dynamics and functional connectivity between them during memory-guided actions using intracranial EEG. We tracked neural activity in the inferior parietal lobule in the dorsal stream, and the ventral temporal cortex in the ventral stream as well as the hippocampus during a delayed action task involving object identity and location memory. We found increased alpha power in both streams during the delay, indicating their role in maintaining spatial visual information. In addition, we recorded increased alpha power in the hippocampus during the delay, but only when both object identity and location needed to be remembered. We also recorded an increase in theta band phase synchronization between the inferior parietal lobule and ventral temporal cortex and between the inferior parietal lobule and hippocampus during the encoding and delay. Granger causality analysis indicated dynamic and frequency-specific directional interactions among the inferior parietal lobule, ventral temporal cortex, and hippocampus that varied across task phases. Our study provides unique electrophysiological evidence for close interactions between dorsal and ventral streams, supporting an integrated processing model in which both streams contribute to memory-guided actions.

• Klíčová slova
• Alpha oscillations, Dorsal visual stream, Granger causality analysis, Intracranial EEG, Memory-guided actions, Phase-locking value, Theta oscillations, Ventral visual stream,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• hipokampus * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok * fyziologie   MeSH
• temenní lalok * fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce * fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The current situation in the use of AI-driven technologies in education has seen an unprecedented rise, however, the impact of these technologies from the perspective of ethical issues is largely unknown. The aim of the research is to provide a clear overview of the potential risks that could be related to the use of AI-driven apps in foreign language learning as it is perceived by the users of these apps. The data were collected by the questionnaires distributed among the students of computer science and also the users of various AI-driven apps for their language classes. The data collection was qualitative with the aim of analyzing their feelings, opinions, and experience. The tool to analyze the data collected was liwc.app software that is a gold standard for textual analysis when looking for values, feelings, and opinions. The results clearly show that the users, who are professionals in ICT, are fully aware of the potential threats but due to the fact that they are knowledgeable about the topic they are not prone to be hacked or misused in a way the general public can be. The results also highlight several grave ethical issues related to privacy in foreign language learning apps. This is the first research drawing attention to the topic of ethical issues when using AI-driven foreign language learning apps and it can be considered a pioneering work in this neglected area.

• Klíčová slova
• Digital learning, Ethical challenges, Higher education, Second language acquisition, Threats of AI,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• umělá inteligence * etika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Virtual reality (VR) is widely used in training, simulations, and industrial applications, yet effective locomotion remains challenging due to its impact on spatial orientation and cybersickness. This study investigates the effects of three locomotion methods-hand-tracking (HTR) with teleportation, traditional VR controllers (CTR), and the mechanical interface Cybershoes (CBS)-on navigation performance, perceived usability, and cybersickness during navigation tasks in virtual mazes of three increasing difficulty levels. The experiment involved 15 participants (M = 22.6 years, SD = 1.64), performing a total of 9 trials each (3 methods × 3 mazes), resulting in 135 exposures overall. The HTR method had the longest average maze completion time (127 ± 54 s for the simplest maze), significantly longer compared to both CTR (52 ± 25 s, p < 0.01) and CBS (52 ± 22 s, p < 0.01). CBS showed comparable navigation performance to CTR, slightly outperforming CTR only in the most difficult mazes (108 ± 51 s vs. 115 ± 42 s, p < 0.05). Regarding usability, CTR received the highest ratings (SUS: 74.67 ± 18.52), followed by CBS (67.83 ± 24.07) and HTR (65.83 ± 22.22). However, CBS induced the highest cybersickness (2.9 ± 1.2), significantly higher than HTR (1.8 ± 0.9; p = 0.006), while CTR scored intermediate (2.3 ± 1.1). Results confirm that teleportation (HTR) minimizes cybersickness but negatively impacts spatial orientation. CBS support more efficient navigation in complex tasks but considerably increases cybersickness. Joystick locomotion (CTR) provides the best balance among navigation efficiency, usability, and user comfort. These findings contribute to optimizing locomotion strategies in VR applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Cybersickness, Locomotion methods, Spatial navigation, User experience, Virtual reality,
• MeSH
• bludiště - učení * fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokomoce * fyziologie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prostorová navigace * fyziologie   MeSH
• uživatelské rozhraní počítače MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• změna polohy v prostoru * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Objective. Virtual reality (VR) has become a key tool for researching spatial memory. Virtual environments offer many advantages for research in terms of logistics, neuroimaging compatibility etc. However, it is well established in animal models that the lack of physical movement in VR impairs some neural representations of space, and this is considered likely to be true in humans as well. Furthermore, it is unclear how big the disruptive effect stationary navigation is-how much does physical movement during encoding and recall affect human spatial memory and representations of space? What effect does the fatigue of actually walking during tasks have on participants-will physical movement decrease performance, or increase perception of difficulty?Approach. We utilize Augmented reality (AR) to enable participants to perform a spatial memory task while physically moving in the real world, compared to a matched VR task performed while stationary. Our task was performed by a group of healthy participants, by a group of stationary epilepsy patients, as they represent the population from which invasive human spatial signals are typically collected, and, in a case study, by a mobile epilepsy patient with an investigational chronic neural implant (Medtronic Summit RC + STM) streaming real-time continuous hippocampal local field potential data.Main results. Participants showed good performance in both conditions, but reported that the walking condition was significantly easier, more immersive, and more fun than the stationary condition. Importantly, memory performance was significantly better in walking vs. stationary in all groups, including epilepsy patients. We also found evidence for an increase in the amplitude of the theta oscillations associated with movement during the walking condition.Significance. Our findings highlight the importance of paradigms that include physical movement and suggest that integrating AR with movement in real environments can lead to improved techniques for spatial memory research.

• Klíčová slova
• augmented reality, navigation, physical movement, spatial memory, virtual reality,
• MeSH
• augmentovaná realita MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prostorová navigace * fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorová paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Sexual activity produces pleasure related to sexual arousal, desire, and genitosensory and erogenous stimulation. Orgasms produce a whole brain and body rush of ecstatic pleasure followed by relaxation and refractoriness. This pleasure results from the activation of neurochemical reward pathways in the brain. This is differentiated by spinal pathways that control climax, the particular motor movements of the pelvic floor and the experience of tension release. OBJECTIVES: To relate the activation of key neurochemical reward and bonding systems, notably dopamine, oxytocin, and opioids, to the pleasure of sexual activity in general and orgasms in particular. METHODS: A narrative review of the neurochemical and neuroanatomical mechanisms activated during sexual stimulation and orgasm in rats and humans, and how they are related overall to the generation of sexual pleasure and reward. RESULTS: Appetitive sexual pleasure involves the activation of dopamine and oxytocin release in hypothalamic and mesolimbic regions that regulate sexual arousal and desire, and are reinforced by localized opioid activity. Orgasms are thought to result in part from a massive release of opioids into these regions that inhibits dopamine and oxytocin transmission, but that initiates molecular changes to sensitize both systems and induce sexually conditioned place and partner preferences. Serotonin is also activated at orgasm and contributes to feelings of satiety and refractoriness. Orgasm disorders are distressing, cause resentment and conflict in a relationship, and diminish overall sexual health and well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Orgasms are an important component of sexual pleasure for humans and perhaps all vertebrates. Endogenous opioids like β-endorphin that bind to mu opioid receptors are likely responsible for sexual pleasure and reward.

• Klíčová slova
• climax, dopamine, learning, opioids, oxytocin, serotonin,
• MeSH
• dopamin fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• odměna * MeSH
• opioidní analgetika * MeSH
• orgasmus * fyziologie   MeSH
• oxytocin fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• radost * fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování * fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální vzrušení MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dopamin MeSH
• opioidní analgetika * MeSH
• oxytocin MeSH

AIMS: Stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR) has emerged as bail-out treatment for ventricular tachycardia (VT). Accurate, reproducible, and easy-to-use data transfer from electroanatomical mapping (EAM) systems to radiotherapy planning CT is desirable. We aim to evaluate interobserver variability, ease of use, and learning curve for EAM based target volume (CardTV-EPinv) creation and transfer using available software packages. METHODS AND RESULTS: In patients considered for STAR, CardTV-EPinv were created using ADAS and Slicer3D for workflow comparison. Four CardTV-EPinv (clinically targeted volume and three mock targets) were created by an experienced operator and a 2nd-year medical student, based on endocardial EAM tags indicating VT substrate location. CardTV-EPinv sizes, Hausdorff distances (HDs), and workflow duration were measured to assess interobserver variability and learning curve. Agreement between CardTV-EPinv was high using ADAS and Slicer3D workflows (HD 3.64 mm [2.7-4.5]). ADAS workflow was faster and more robust (ADAS 26 min [24-29] vs. Slicer3D 65 min [61-70], P < 0.001; system crashes: ADAS 0 vs. Slicer3D 7). In 20 patients (80% non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF 35 ± 14%), 80 CardTV-EPinv were created using ADAS. CardTV-EPinv size was similar for both observers (11.8 mL [10.1-13.7] vs. 10.7 mL [9.6-11.8], P = 0.17), with high interobserver agreement (HD 1.68 mm [1.45-1.96]; 95th percentile HD < 4.8 mm [3.5-5.7]). Linear regression showed a steep learning curve for the student (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: CardTV-EPinv creation showed excellent interobserver agreement and was faster and more robust using ADAS than 3D slicer. The steep learning curve appears clinically relevant given the limited use of STAR even in high-volume VT ablation centres.

• Klíčová slova
• Ablation, Interobserver variability in imaging and EAM merging, STAR, Stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation, Ventricular tachycardia,
• MeSH
• elektrofyziologické techniky kardiologické MeSH
• komorová tachykardie * patofyziologie   chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   radioterapie   diagnóza   MeSH
• křivka učení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odchylka pozorovatele MeSH
• plánování radioterapie pomocí počítače * metody   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• průběh práce MeSH
• radiochirurgie * metody   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• software * MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The cognitive processing of learning materials has been extensively studied within various cognitive theories. Self-regulated learning (SRL) is also recognized as a key factor in learning efficiency. However, evidence linking SRL to learning outcomes remains inconclusive, particularly regarding objective behavioral data during learning. This study presents an original empirical dataset on eye-tracking activity during learning, examining the effects of metacognitive prompts and multimedia content on cognitive processing and learning outcomes. A controlled laboratory experiment with a 2 × 2 mixed factorial design involved 110 university students, resulting in 84 complete recordings of eye-movement activity during learning. Participants studied scientific materials in text-only and multimedia formats, with one group receiving metacognitive prompts and the control group receiving general instructions. Learning performance was assessed via a post-test, and eye-tracking technology captured gaze patterns to provide insights into cognitive engagement and attention distribution. Applications extend to e-learning, virtual environments, and user interface design. While the dataset has some methodological limitations, it remains a robust resource for studying cognitive processes and optimizing educational technologies.

• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pohyby očí * MeSH
• sebekontrola * MeSH
• technologie sledování pohybu očí * MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• dataset MeSH