The mechanisms governing the abscopal effects of local radiotherapy in cancer patients remain an open conundrum. Here, we show that off-target intestinal low-dose irradiation (ILDR) increases the clinical benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy in eight retrospective cohorts of cancer patients and in tumor-bearing mice. The abscopal effects of ILDR depend on dosimetry (≥1 and ≤3 Gy) and on the metabolic and immune host-microbiota interaction at baseline allowing CD8+ T cell activation without exhaustion. Various strains of Christensenella minuta selectively boost the anti-cancer efficacy of ILDR and PD-L1 blockade, allowing emigration of intestinal PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells to tumor-draining lymph nodes. An interventional phase 2 study provides the proof-of-concept that ILDR can circumvent resistance to first- or second-line immunotherapy in cancer patients. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to define optimal dosimetry and indications for ILDR to maximize its therapeutic potential.

• Klíčová slova
• Christensenella minuta, bile acids, cancer, dendritic cells, gut microbiota, metabolomics, radiotherapy, tumor immunosurveillance,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 * antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie metody   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádory * imunologie   patologie   terapie   radioterapie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• střeva * účinky záření   imunologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra účinky záření   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 * MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * MeSH

The PD-1/PD-L1 complex is an immune checkpoint responsible for regulating the natural immune response, but also allows tumors to escape immune surveillance. Inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis positively contributes to the efficacy of cancer treatment. The only available therapeutics targeting PD-1/PD-L1 are monoclonal antibody-based drugs, which have several limitations. Therefore, small molecule compounds are emerging as an attractive alternative that can potentially overcome the drawbacks of mAb-based therapy. In this article, we present a novel class of small molecule compounds based on the terphenyl scaffold that bind to PD-L1. The general architecture of the presented structures is characterized by axial symmetry and consists of three elements: an m-terphenyl core, an additional aromatic ring, and a solubilizing agent. Using molecular docking, we designed a series of final compounds, which were subsequently synthesized and tested in HTRF assay and NMR binding assay to evaluate their activity. In addition, we performed an in-depth analysis of the mutual arrangement of the phenyl rings of the terphenyl core within the binding pocket of PD-L1 and found several correlations between the plane angle values and the affinity of the compounds towards the protein.

• Klíčová slova
• C2-symmetrical ligands, PD-L1, cancer, immune checkpoint, small molecule inhibitor,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 * antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• knihovny malých molekul farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu * MeSH
• terfenylové sloučeniny * chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• vazba proteinů * MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 * MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH
• knihovny malých molekul MeSH
• PDCD1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• terfenylové sloučeniny * MeSH

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the treatment of choice for cancer immunotherapy. However, low tissue permeability, immunogenicity, immune-related adverse effects, and high cost could be possibly improved using alternative approaches. On the other hand, synthetic low-molecular-weight (LMW) PD-1/PD-L1 blockers have failed to progress beyond in vitro studies, mostly due to low binding affinity or poor pharmacological characteristics resulting from their limited solubility and/or stability. Here, we report the development of polymer-based anti-human PD-L1 antibody mimetics (α-hPD-L1 iBodies) by attaching the macrocyclic peptide WL12 to a N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer. We characterized the binding properties of iBodies using surface plasmon resonance, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and a cellular ICB model. We found that the α-hPD-L1 iBodies specifically target human PD-L1 (hPD-L1) and block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vitro, comparable to the atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab licensed monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1. Our findings suggest that iBodies can be used as experimental tools to target hPD-L1 and could serve as a platform to potentiate the therapeutic effect of hPD-L1-targeting small molecules by improving their affinity and pharmacokinetic properties.

• Klíčová slova
• HPMA copolymer, PD-1, PD-L1, T-cell, antibody mimetic, immune checkpoint, immunosuppression, immunotherapy, inhibitor, tumor immunology,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 * antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 * MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• polymery MeSH

Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints have revolutionized oncology. Yet, the effectiveness of these treatments varies significantly among patients, and they are associated with unexpected adverse events, including hyperprogression. The murine research model used in drug development fails to recapitulate both the functional human immune system and the population heterogeneity. Hence, a novel model is urgently needed to study the consequences of immune checkpoint blockade. Dogs appear to be uniquely suited for this role. Approximately 1 in 4 companion dogs dies from cancer, yet no antibodies are commercially available for use in veterinary oncology. Here we characterize two novel antibodies that bind canine PD-1 with sub-nanomolar affinity as measured by SPR. Both antibodies block the clinically crucial PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in a competitive ELISA assay. Additionally, the antibodies were tested with a broad range of assays including Western Blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The antibodies appear to bind two distinct epitopes as predicted by molecular modeling and peptide phage display. Our study provides new tools for canine oncology research and a potential veterinary therapeutic.

• Klíčová slova
• PD-1, PD-L1, cancer immunotherapy, canine cancer, comparative oncology, immune checkpoint, monoclonal antibody, veterinary oncology,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 imunologie   antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• epitopy imunologie   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů imunologie   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * imunologie   MeSH
• nádory imunologie   veterinární   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• nemoci psů imunologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• psi * MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• psi * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• antigeny CD279 * MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * MeSH

Cancers arising from germline DNA mismatch repair deficiency or polymerase proofreading deficiency (MMRD and PPD) in children harbour the highest mutational and microsatellite insertion-deletion (MS-indel) burden in humans. MMRD and PPD cancers are commonly lethal due to the inherent resistance to chemo-irradiation. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have failed to benefit children in previous studies, we hypothesized that hypermutation caused by MMRD and PPD will improve outcomes following ICI treatment in these patients. Using an international consortium registry study, we report on the ICI treatment of 45 progressive or recurrent tumors from 38 patients. Durable objective responses were observed in most patients, culminating in a 3 year survival of 41.4%. High mutation burden predicted response for ultra-hypermutant cancers (>100 mutations per Mb) enriched for combined MMRD + PPD, while MS-indels predicted response in MMRD tumors with lower mutation burden (10-100 mutations per Mb). Furthermore, both mechanisms were associated with increased immune infiltration even in 'immunologically cold' tumors such as gliomas, contributing to the favorable response. Pseudo-progression (flare) was common and was associated with immune activation in the tumor microenvironment and systemically. Furthermore, patients with flare who continued ICI treatment achieved durable responses. This study demonstrates improved survival for patients with tumors not previously known to respond to ICI treatment, including central nervous system and synchronous cancers, and identifies the dual roles of mutation burden and MS-indels in predicting sustained response to immunotherapy.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• antigeny CD274 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   MeSH
• oprava DNA genetika   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• replikace DNA genetika   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• zárodečné mutace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH

BACKGROUND: The programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway is important in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, some dissimilarities between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitors have emerged. We aimed to assess differences between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 combination immunotherapies as first-line treatments in mRCC patients. METHODS: Multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched for articles published until March 2021. Studies were eligible if they compared overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates (ORR), complete response rates (CRR), and adverse events. RESULTS: Five studies met the eligibility criteria. PD-1 combination therapy was associated with significantly better OS and PFS and higher ORR and CRR than sunitinib (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40-0.89; HR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37-0.75; odds ratio [OR]: 3.20, 95% CI: 2.18-4.68; and OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 2.13-4.37, respectively; P < 0.001). For all oncological outcomes, anti-PD-1 agents were superior to anti-PD-L1 agents based on HR and OR (OS: HR = 0.88, PFS: HR = 0.76, ORR: OR = 1.85, and CRR: OR = 2.24). Conversely, anti-PD-L1 agents were superior to anti-PD-1 agents in their safety profiles. In network meta-analyses, pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib seemed the worst tolerated anti-PD-1 combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicates the superior oncologic benefits of first-line anti-PD-1 combination therapies over anti-PD-L1 combination therapies in mRCC patients. This biological difference is of vital importance for clinical treatment decision making and the design of future rational combination therapy trials in mRCC.

• Klíčová slova
• Combination therapy, Meta-analysis, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Programmed cell death-1 inhibitors, Programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibitors,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory ledvin farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• antigeny CD279 MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH
• PDCD1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

INTRODUCTION: Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with chemotherapy-eligible metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently assessed in this setting. This review aimed to assess the role of ICIs alone or in combination as first-line treatment in chemotherapy-eligible patients with mUC. METHODS: Multiple databases were searched for articles published until November 2020. Studies were deemed eligible if they compared overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates (ORRs), complete response rates (CRRs), durations of response (DORs) and adverse events (AEs) in chemotherapy-eligible patients with mUC. RESULTS: Three studies met our eligibility criteria. ICI combination therapy was associated with significantly better OS and PFS, higher CRR and longer DOR than chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-0.94, P = 0.002; HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.71-0.90, P = 0.0002; odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12-1.96, P = 0.006; and mean difference: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.31-2.46, P = 0.01, respectively). ICI-chemotherapy combination therapy was also associated with significantly better OS and PFS, higher ORR and CRR and longer DOR than chemotherapy alone. Although OS and PFS benefits of ICI combination therapy were larger in patients with high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L1 low expression patients also had a benefit; HR for OS (high PD-L1: HR 0.79 versus low PD-L1: HR 0.89) and PFS (high PD-L1: HR 0.74 versus low PD-L1: HR 0.82). ICI monotherapy was not associated with better oncological outcomes but was associated with better safety outcomes than chemotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicates a superior oncologic benefit to first-line ICI combination therapies in patients with chemotherapy-eligible mUC over standard chemotherapy. In contrast, ICI monotherapy was associated with favorable safety outcomes compared with chemotherapy but failed to show its superiority over chemotherapy in oncological benefits. PD-L1 status alone cannot help guide treatment decision-making. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting the conclusions drawn from this study, given that there is the heterogeneity of the population of interest, risk of bias and the nature of the studies evaluated whose data remain immature or unpublished.

• Klíčová slova
• Immune-checkpoint inhibitor, Meta-analysis, Programmed death-ligand 1, Urothelial carcinoma,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karcinom farmakoterapie   imunologie   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře farmakoterapie   imunologie   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• urotel účinky léků   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• výběr pacientů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is accepted as a predictive biomarker for the selection of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We evaluated the staining quality and estimation of the tumor proportion score (TPS) in non-small-cell lung cancer during two external quality assessment (EQA) schemes by the European Society of Pathology. Participants received two tissue micro-arrays with three (2017) and four (2018) cases for PD-L1 IHC and a positive tonsil control, for staining by their routine protocol. After the participants returned stained slides to the EQA coordination center, three pathologists assessed each slide and awarded an expert staining score from 1 to 5 points based on the staining concordance. Expert scores significantly (p < 0.01) improved between EQA schemes from 3.8 (n = 67) to 4.3 (n = 74) on 5 points. Participants used 32 different protocols: the majority applied the 22C3 (56.7%) (Dako), SP263 (19.1%) (Ventana), and E1L3N (Cell Signaling) (7.1%) clones. Staining artifacts consisted mainly of very weak or weak antigen demonstration (63.0%) or excessive background staining (19.8%). Participants using CE-IVD kits reached a higher score compared with those using laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) (p < 0.05), mainly attributed to a better concordance of SP263. The TPS was under- and over-estimated in 20/423 (4.7%) and 24/423 (5.7%) cases, respectively, correlating to a lower expert score. Additional research is needed on the concordance of less common protocols, and on reasons for lower LDT concordance. Laboratories should carefully validate all test methods and regularly verify their performance. EQA participation should focus on both staining concordance and interpretation of PD-L1 IHC.

• Klíčová slova
• External quality assessment, Immunohistochemistry, PD-L1, Tumor proportion score,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 analýza   antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• artefakty MeSH
• čipová analýza tkání MeSH
• imunohistochemie * MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• nádory plic farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• odchylka pozorovatele MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• testování odbornosti laboratoří MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH

Introduction: One of the hallmarks of cancerogenesis is the ability of tumor cells to evade the immune system. They can achieve it by abusing inhibitory immune checkpoint pathways, which, under normal circumstances, maintain peripheral tolerance during infection. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, currently represent a widely discussed treatment option not only in solid oncology, but in hematology-oncology as well.Areas covered: The manuscript is focused on clinical research concerning PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in lymphoma and multiple myeloma in order to identify the patients who would profit the most from this treatment modality. The authors reviewed articles on the topic on PubMed and relevant clinical trials on clinicaltrials.gov before October 2019.Expert opinion: So far, nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for treating patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma. Nevertheless, monotherapy alone is not curative and a combinational approach is needed. Modern treatment strategies and combinations are comprehensively summarized in this manuscript. There is no approved immune checkpoint inhibitor for the multiple myeloma indication. Although the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with immunomodulatory agents initially seemed promising, unexpected immune related toxicities have stopped any further development. Novel strategies and more potent combinations in myeloma and lymphoma are further discussed in the manuscript.

• Klíčová slova
• Atezolizumab, PD-1, PD-L1, cemiplimab, durvalumab, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, nivolumab, pembrolizumab,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• B-buněčný lymfom farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• Hodgkinova nemoc farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové proteiny antagonisté a inhibitory   imunologie   MeSH
• nádory mediastina farmakoterapie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• nivolumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protinádorové látky imunologicky aktivní terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• audiovizuální média MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• antigeny CD279 MeSH
• CD274 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• nádorové proteiny MeSH
• nivolumab MeSH
• PDCD1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• pembrolizumab MeSH Prohlížeč
• protinádorové látky imunologicky aktivní MeSH

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade is a promising therapy for various cancer types, but most patients are still resistant. Therefore, a larger number of predictive biomarkers is necessary. In this study, we assessed whether a loss-of-function mutation of the interferon (IFN)-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1) in tumor cells can interfere with anti-PD-L1 therapy. For this purpose, we used the mouse oncogenic TC-1 cell line expressing PD-L1 and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules and its TC-1/A9 clone with reversibly downregulated PD-L1 and MHC-I expression. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we generated cells with deactivated IFNGR1 (TC-1/dIfngr1 and TC-1/A9/dIfngr1). In tumors, IFNGR1 deactivation did not lead to PD-L1 or MHC-I reduction on tumor cells. From potential inducers, mainly IFN-α and IFN-β enhanced PD-L1 and MHC-I expression on TC-1/dIfngr1 and TC-1/A9/dIfngr1 cells in vitro. Neutralization of the IFN-α/IFN-β receptor confirmed the effect of these cytokines in vivo. Combined immunotherapy with PD-L1 blockade and DNA vaccination showed that IFNGR1 deactivation did not reduce tumor sensitivity to anti-PD-L1. Thus, the impairment of IFN-γ signaling may not be sufficient for PD-L1 and MHC-I reduction on tumor cells and resistance to PD-L1 blockade, and thus should not be used as a single predictive marker for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 cancer therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• IFN-α, IFN-β, IFNGR1, MHC class I, PD-1/PD-L1, cancer, immune checkpoint therapy,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• antigeny CD279 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• experimentální nádory farmakoterapie   imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• interferon gama antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
• protinádorové látky imunologicky aktivní farmakologie   MeSH
• transformované buněčné linie účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• antigeny CD279 MeSH
• Cd274 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• interferon gama MeSH
• Pdcd1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• protinádorové látky imunologicky aktivní MeSH