Multidimensional applications
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This review summarizes and broadly classifies all of the major sustainable natural carbohydrate bio-macromolecular manifestations in nature - from botanical (cellulose, starch, and pectin), seaweed (alginate, carrageenan, and agar), microbial (bacterial cellulose, dextran, and pullulan), and animal (hyaluronan, heparin, chitin, and chitosan) sources - that have been contrived into electrospun fibers. Furthermore, a relative study of these biomaterials for the fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning and their characteristics viz. solution behavior, blending nature, as well as rheological and fiber attributes are discussed. The potential multidimensional applications of nanofibers (filtration, antimicrobial, biosensor, gas sensor, energy storage, catalytic, and tissue engineering) originating from these polysaccharides and their major impacts on the properties, functionalities, and uses of these electrospun fibers are compared and critically examined.
- Klíčová slova
- Electrospinning of bio-macromolecules, Fiber morphology and structures, Multidimensional applications,
- MeSH
- agar chemie MeSH
- algináty chemie MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie MeSH
- celulosa chemie MeSH
- chitin chemie MeSH
- chitosan chemie MeSH
- dextrany chemie MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky MeSH
- glukany chemie MeSH
- heparin chemie MeSH
- karagenan chemie MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanotechnologie metody MeSH
- nanovlákna chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- pektiny chemie MeSH
- škrob chemie MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- agar MeSH
- algináty MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
- celulosa MeSH
- chitin MeSH
- chitosan MeSH
- dextrany MeSH
- glukany MeSH
- heparin MeSH
- karagenan MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová MeSH
- pektiny MeSH
- pullulan MeSH Prohlížeč
- škrob MeSH
The successful development of visualization techniques for live cell imaging leads to the development of suitable software for the acquisition and processing of multidimensional image data. This report compares several possible approaches to image acquisition and processing in confocal in vivo microscopy and suggests new alternatives to the published methods. Special attention is paid to spinning disk systems based either on a classical Nipkow disk or on the microlens principle. This study shows how to optimize image acquisition process in live cell studies using camera binning feature and how to perform object tracking using a new fast image registration method based on the graph theory.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- fyziologie buňky * MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- luminescentní proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- obrazová cytometrie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- software * MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- luminescentní proteiny MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH
Protein conformation families for automatic model building were determined for dipeptidic, tripeptidic, tetrapeptidic and pentapeptidic fragments. Mapping in n-dimensional conformational space (n = 2, 4 and 6), a conformation-generator method, a deletion-sorting process and a verification procedure were used to calculate the conformational preferences. Torsion angles were harvested from PDB structures with resolutions better than 1.5 A. Statistical weights were calculated for the conformation families.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- databáze proteinů MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová metody MeSH
- molekulární modely * MeSH
- oligopeptidy chemie MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty chemie MeSH
- software MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- oligopeptidy MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty MeSH
Large part of the current research in biology, medicine, and biotechnology depends on the analysis of DNA (genomics), proteins (proteomics), or metabolites (metabolomics). The advances in biotechnology also command development of adequate analytical instrumentation capable to analyze minute amounts of samples. The analysis of the content of single cells may serve as an example of ultimate analytical applications. Most of the separation techniques have been developed in the last three decades and alternative approaches are being investigated. At present, the main protocols for analyses of complex mixtures include 2-DE (IEF) followed by electrophoresis in SDS polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and chromatographic techniques. Information-rich techniques such as MS and NMR are essential for the identification and structure analysis of the analyzed compounds. High resolution separation of the individual sample components is often a prerequisite for success. High resolution proteomic analysis in the majority of laboratories still relies on the time consuming and laborious offline methods. This review highlights some of the important aspects of 2-D separations including microfluidics.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The study and manipulation of low dipole moment quantum states have been challenging due to their inaccessibility by conventional spectroscopic techniques. Controlling the spin in such states requires unfeasible strong magnetic fields to overcome typical decoherence rates. However, the advent of terahertz technology and its application in magnetic pulses opens up a new scenario. In this article, we focus on an electron-hole pair model to demonstrate that it is possible to control the precession of the spins and to modify the transition rates to different spin states. Enhancing transitions from a bright state to a dark state with different spins means that the latter can be revealed by ordinary spectroscopy. We propose a modification of the standard two-dimensional spectroscopic scheme in which a three pulse sequence is encased in a magnetic pulse. Its role is to drive transitions between a bright and a dark spin state, making the latter susceptible to spectroscopic investigation.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Recently, proton-detected magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an attractive tool to study the structure and dynamics of insoluble proteins at atomic resolution. The sensitivity of the employed multidimensional experiments can be systematically improved when both transversal components of the magnetization are transferred simultaneously after an evolution period. The method of preservation of equivalent pathways has been explored in solution-state NMR; however, it does not find widespread application due to relaxation issues connected with increased molecular size. We present here for the first time heteronuclear transverse mixing sequences for correlation experiments at moderate and fast MAS frequencies. Optimal control allows to boost the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond the expected factor of 2 for each indirect dimension. In addition to the carbon-detected sensitivity-enhanced 2D NCA experiment, we present a novel proton-detected, doubly sensitivity-enhanced 3D hCANH pulse sequence for which we observe a 3-fold improvement in SNR compared to the conventional experimental implementation. The sensitivity gain turned out to be essential to unambiguously characterize a minor fibril polymorph of a human lambda-III immunoglobulin light chain protein that escaped detection so far.
- MeSH
- lehké řetězce imunoglobulinů MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární metody MeSH
- proteiny * chemie MeSH
- protony * MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- lehké řetězce imunoglobulinů MeSH
- proteiny * MeSH
- protony * MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is becoming increasingly popular for separation of polar samples on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually ACN). Silica gel with decreased surface concentration of silanol groups, or with chemically bonded amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, or zwitterionic sulfobetaine ligands are used as the stationary phases for HILIC separations, in addition to the original poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) strong cation-exchange HILIC material. The type of the stationary and the composition of the mobile phase play important roles in the mixed-mode HILIC retention mechanism and can be flexibly tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because of excellent mobile phase compatibility and complementary selectivity to RP chromatography, HILIC is ideally suited for highly orthogonal 2-D LC-LC separations of complex samples containing polar compounds, such as peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and natural compounds. This review attempts to present an overview of the HILIC separation systems, possibilities for their characterization and emerging HILIC applications in 2-D off-line and on-line LC-LC separations of various samples, in combination with RP and other separation modes.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- bezvědomí MeSH
- faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
- hypoxie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matematika MeSH
- oxymetrie MeSH
- respirační funkční testy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Generalization of an earlier reduced-density-matrix-based vibrational assignment algorithm is given, applicable for systems exhibiting both large-amplitude motions, including tunneling, and degenerate vibrational modes. The algorithm developed is used to study the structure of the excited vibrational wave functions of the ammonia molecule, 14NH3. Characterization of the complex dynamics of systems with several degenerate vibrations requires reconsidering the traditional degenerate-mode description given by vibrational angular momentum quantum numbers and switching to a symmetry-based approach that directly predicts state degeneracy and uncovers relations between degenerate modes. Out of the 600 distinct vibrational eigenstates of ammonia obtained by a full-dimensional variational computation, the developed methodology allows for the assignment of about 500 with meaningful labels. This study confirms that vibrationally excited states truly have modal character recognizable up to very high energies even for the non-trivial case of ammonia, a molecule which exhibits a tunneling motion and has two two-dimensional normal modes. The modal characteristics of the excited states and the interplay of the vibrational modes can be easily visualized by the reduced-density matrices, giving an insight into the complex modal behavior directed by symmetry.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This review gives a wide overview of recent advances and applications of capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis methods in the fields of proteomics and peptidomics in the period from mid-2018 up to the end of 2022. The methodological topics covering sample preparation and concentration techniques, hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis methods with mass spectrometry, and multidimensional separations by on-line or off-line coupled different capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques are described and new developments in both bottom-up and top-down approaches in proteomics are presented. In addition, various applications of capillary electrophoresis methods in proteomic and peptidomic studies are demonstrated. They include monitoring of protein posttranslational modifications and applications in biological and biochemical research, clinical peptidomics and proteomics, and food analysis.
- Klíčová slova
- capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, peptidomics, proteomics, review,
- MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- elektroforéza mikročipová * metody MeSH
- peptidy chemie MeSH
- proteiny analýza MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- peptidy MeSH
- proteiny MeSH
